Business Proposal for a Tutoring Agency Essay

Executive Summary The proposal is for a tutoring company based in the East London area in the UK. This is going to be a partnership that will be forged among 3 partners: Shirin Akhter, Meer Hossain and Faisal Ifitkhar. The business will be financed by the partners themselves, with the profits distributed proportionately after costs are considered. The Private tutoring industry in the UK is now experiencing a steady growth, with people paying a considerable amount of money per hour to secure the services of an academically qualified tutor. However, this company is focused more on creating a market for people that cannot afford to pay  £70 to  £100 for a private tutor. All 3 of the partners had some experience in being both students to private tutors and private tutors themselves, and therefore have collaborated to utilise the combined skills to enter the market of Private Tutoring. The first step of this venture is to come up with a business plan. The plan will act a document that will assist in the development of the partnership. As there is very minimal cost consideration involved in this project, the partners are not seeking any financing from any other investors. The Market Based on various news reports, personal research conducted on parents residing in the East London area and considering the experience and capability of the partners (who will be the tutors as well), the company has found out the ideal target market. The target market has 3 separate segments: Students preparing for the Entrance Exam, 13+ and GCSE students. The initial base of students will comprise of children of various parents the tutors have a personal connection with. The cultural similarity (the tutors and potential parents are of Bangladeshi ethnicity) is therefore the pivotal factor in this regard. However, the company wishes to become one of the largest tutoring agencies in East London. Therefore it plans to tutor children from other cultural backgrounds gradually. The Services The services provided to the target will comprise of one to one tutoring, group tutoring, GCSE exam preparation and online services (social media). The company would ideally promote groups sessions as it is cost effective for both tutors and the students. Although private sessions can be deemed as being focused and intensive, group session make room for healthy debate and discussion, thus enhancing the learning procedure. The process of teaching would be based on personal skills coupled with feedback from other partners and feedback from the students. The focus of the services is not of immediate satisfaction of queries, but of better understanding of the concepts related to tutoring. The subjects in which the company offers private tutoring include Business Studies, Accounting, Physics, Chemistry, Science and Mathematics, and verbal and Non-verbal Reasoning. Promotion and advertising The initial base of students that have been proposed here are not at par with the rich families, therefore the USP of the proposed company is that it will provide tutoring service to students for a reasonable price. It has been noticed that the average price range for tutors in East London is  £15 to  £20 per hour, therefore the company will provide the sessions 1 and half hour long for the same money. It can therefore establish itself as a company that is affordable. The partnership wishes to use the most effective advertising for the minimal cost as well. Therefore it would use Word of Mouth as its main promotional tool. Satisfied students and their parents are therefore the most important component in their promotional mix. The company will also make use of Social Media for promoting the company, as well as to use the online platform for feedback from the students and to assist the students online when needed. The company would also have some sales promotion in the form of introductory price offer, such as getting 5 sessions for the price of 4. However, the details of such sessions are yet to be discussed. Management The management of the company would comprise of all 3 partners, however, as per the legal requirement of UK, Meer Hossain will act as the nominated / general partner for the company. However the need for the partners to act as managers will only arise after it has grown considerably. The managers are therefore the employees of the company. All 3 partners are Graduate and professionals who also had experience as private tutors. The partners also have experience in working as supervisors / managers in their own professional area. They have become more and more culturally tolerant and astute, as they have been working in a multicultural country for more than a few years. The management will act as trainers when the company is going to start employing other tutors for the company. Future plans The company plans to extend it services to include Undergraduate students as their customers. The company also has plans to set up a website, as well as start the option of video conferencing in the future. 1. Description of the Business 1.1. Mission The company would approach teaching in an innovative and unique way with the idea of helping creating a bridge between students and the subject they need to have a good grasp on. The customised and focused process of teaching would equip the students with the necessary tools needed for improving their understanding and thus achieving success in their studies. The company is valued by the mental satisfaction and the observable outcomes of the students. The success of the company rests on the success of the students. 1.2. The key factors 1. Creating effective and innovative methods of approaching individual subjects and the sections within them for the easiest possible understanding of the challenging subject matters. 2. Increasing market presence via word of mouth promotion achieved through the excellence in service and knowledge distribution. 3. Creating a constant feedback process whereby the needs of the individuals are assessed and the processes tailored as a result. 1.3. Goals 1. To be the market leader in tutoring service in East London, specifically in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets by the end of year 4. 2. To double the revenue of the company by the end of Year 2. 3. To extend the tutoring service to Undergraduate students by the end of Year 2. 4. To establish a strong online presence via interactive web learning process by the end of year 2. 1.4. Scope of the business According to Smith (2012), a micro-business is defined by the involvement of 1 to 4 people, and a small business has 5 to 20 people in the enterprise [Smith, H. (2012): Learn Small Business Startup in 7 Days, Wiley, Milton, QLD, AUS, p 2]. The proposed Tuition agency can be therefore defined as a micro-business as the number of people in the core business would be 3, at least at the outset. As far as the goals and objectives are concerned, the business aims to be slightly bigger that a small business as far as the aforementioned definition is concerned. 1.5. The company The proposed company would provide tutoring services in few selected subjects for students ranging from 11+ to the GCSE qualification, focusing mainly in the East End of London, UK. The courses the company aims to provide tutoring support includes Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Business Studies and Accounting. The company would also provide tutoring supports for students interested in other subjects, but would act as a contact point would primarily outsource such tasks, acting as an intermediary in the process. The tutoring sessions would focus on assisting students grasping seemingly difficult concepts in the aforementioned areas of study. The process taught would help them perform better in their respective schools and / or educational institutes. It would also help them create a strategy for any forthcoming exams. The service would also assist them in understanding the effective method of writing various essays relating to the subject(s). The company aspires to prepare student in a manner where they would empowered to solve various problems on their own, rather than approaching individual tasks on a short term basis. 1.6. The owners The proposed company would be owned by 3 people: Shirin Akhter, Meer Hossain and Faisal Iftikhar. The company would therefore be a partnership. The ownership is expected to remain unchanged, but extenuating circumstances might bring change to the ownership structure. 1.7. Legal and regulatory frame of the company Based on the classification as stipulated by UK, the owners will form a limited partnership [Limited Partnership – GPO2, http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/about/gbhtml/gpo2.shtml, accessed 10 August 2013]. Therefore the owners or partners of this company will be liable for all debts and obligations, however, the scope of such debts and obligations will not be more than the individual investments towards the company. As mentioned in the proposal, the company would be registered as a partnership. According to the present definitions set out by the Department of Work and Pensions, the owners (partners) of the company would therefore be classified as self-employed. The company would not itself pay any taxes; rather taxes would only apply on the individual revenues of the partners in the business [Set up a business partnership, https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business-partnership, accessed 10 August 2013]. Some of the terms of the agreement will include the following: 1. The profit of the business will be proportionate to the initial capital invested by the individuals entering into the agreement. 2. Meer Hossain has agreed to be the nominated partner as per the requirement of the the UK government for a partnership at the outset. Therefore the company will treat Meer Hossain as the only limited partner / general partner at the outset. Any amendments would be discussed upon and the changes would be done accordingly. 3. The partners will also act as the employees of the company, and they would receive salary as employees of the company according to the service they provide, based on the rates fixed. 1.7.1. DBS Checks The Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) has recently replaced the CRB checks in the UK. Although this is not a requirement for private tutors in terms of their business [Fagg, H. (January 19th, 2013): New Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS): What it means for private tutors, http://www.thetutorblog.com/tag/crb/, accessed 10 August 2013], because the target market for this business involves working with children, the partners, as employees, would apply for a DBS check on themselves with Disclosure Scotland, a branch of DBS that allows for self employed tutors residing in England, Scotland and Wales to be checked. It is considered to be an essential part of the company [Guide: Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks (previously CRB checks), https://www.gov.uk/disclosure-barring-service-check, accessed 10 August 2013]. 2. Business opportunities An investigation into a possible business always begins by analysis various opportunities. Therefore all the sources relating to an opportunity should be studied and analysed, and the process should also be done on a systematic and regular basis [Murthy, C.S.V. (2010): Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurial Development, Global Media, (Mumbai, IND), p 43]. The tutoring service is not something novel in idea; however, the aim of the company is to provide the service at a reasonable cost. According to Lesonsky (2001), it is not necessary (for most start-up companies) to come up with a new and unique idea. A new business can venture into an existing industry, planning on how it can improve on the existing practices and how it can differ from its competition [Lesonsky, R. (2001): Start Your Own Business: The Only Start-Up Book You’ll Ever Need, Entrepreneur Press, Irvine, CA, USA, p 24]. The partners in this regard have agreed on an opportunity that they feel they can make the most use of by becoming the affordable solution to tutoring needs. 2.1. The driving forces 2.1.1. Experience As Amar Bhide looked into the private ventures in America, he discovered that new ventures in the country were usually problems that the founders of such companies faced themselves and were looking at solving those problems. 71% of these â€Å"domain experts† were actually people who approached an existing problem differently in their area of business, whilst 20% used their serendipitous ideas in their new business ventures [Price, R. W. (2004): Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success: Powerful Strategies for Building a High-Profit Business, AMACOM Books, Saranac Lake, NY, USA, p 73]. The 3 tutors have all come from Bangladesh, where they already had experience of being taught by a private tutor and being a tutor themselves. They have all felt that for some of the ‘trickier’ subjects, such as higher mathematics (Binominal Equations, Matrices, Calculus, Statics and Dynamics etc.), Physics and Quantum Physics, Organic Chemistry and various other subjects required that the students have a special understanding outside the realms of a classroom environment. However it was not really a business plan until recently, when they realised that there is a growing demand for such personal tutoring in the UK as well. As mentioned by Pinson and Jinnett (2006), an entrepreneur can look into his or her interests and volunteer experience for an idea of a business. They also added that capability is important in regards of a new business, and any specialised skills that can complement [Pinson, L. and Jinnett, J. (2006): Steps to Small Business Start-Up: Everything You Need to Know to Turn Your Idea Into a Successful Business, Dearborn Trade, A Kaplan Professional Company, Chicago, IL, USA, p 2-3]. The partners realised that their experience in being both students and private tutors can come in handy for the new business setup. Therefore they agreed to come up with this new business venture. 2.1.2. A rising market The market of private tutoring is now experiencing a surprising growth in the UK. According to a recent news report by the BBC [Burns, J. (2 August 2013): Private tutors boost grammar chances, suggests survey, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23547666, accessed 7th of August, 2013], A pilot study found out that many parents in the UK nowadays rely on the service of private tutors to increase the chance of their children of securing a place in a grammar school. As the poll suggests, around 72% of the 212 first year grammar school students surveyed had undergone private tutoring for entrance exams during their final years in primary schools. Of this 72%, 5% received private tutoring as part of a small group, whilst 67% of the grammar school students subscribed to a one-to-one form of private tutoring. Around 78% of these students believed that private tutoring was helpful for them in the enhancement of their performance in the entrance exam. Prof Judy Ireson mentioned that some of the parents perceive that this process of private tutoring is rational as it can help their children to â€Å"perform well in the entrance exams for schools of their choice† [Burns, J. (2 August 2013): Private tutors boost grammar chances, suggests survey, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23547666, accessed 7th of August, 2013]. In a news report in 2009, Guardian stated that 45% of students based in London has had a private tutor. The percentage is now increasing, and according to TES, around 25% of all students between 11-18 years of age have all received some form of private tutoring, specifically in mathematics [Dyer, A. (24 July 2013): Private Tuition Is on the Rise, Should the Industry Be Regulated? HUFFPOST STUDENTS United Kingdom, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/alex-dyer/private-tuition-regulation_b_3643876.html, accessed 8th August 2013]. 2.1.3. Better return on investment possibility Private tutoring is pretty common in more affluent households. There are few London based tutoring firms that hire graduates from Oxford and Cambridge, who sometimes charge a hefty amount of  £70 –  £100 for a one hour session, just for the preparation of entrance exams. There are also reports that suggest that parents on average incomes are also subscribing to the service of private tutors, as mentioned by the private tutoring chain Explore Learning [Aug 17th 2013: Private tuition Premium economy, The Economist (British Edition), http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21583707-private-education-becoming-more-egalitarian-premium-economy, accessed 20th of August, 2013]. 2.2. Potential Customer The tutors for the company are all qualified as graduates. However, given the scenario as depicted in the news reports above, the tutors have decided not to teach, as of now, any higher than GCSE level. The target market in this regard can be broadly classified into 3 segments: Pre-Entrance students: Students who want to prepare for entrance for a grammar school of their choice fall into this category. The subjects that would be taught in this regard include Mathematics, Verbal Reasoning and Non-verbal reasoning. English has been excluded due to the non-native status of the tutors. 13+ students: Students in this target student can receive tutoring in Science, Mathematics and Verbal and Non-verbal Reasoning. GCSE students: for the GCSE students, the subjects that will be covered will include Business Studies and Accounting, Science, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. 2.3. Competition Tutors are generally people who have specific expertise and little extra time. A significant amount of competitors are mainly one-to-one private tutors that advertise on various online websites, such as Gumtree [http://www.gumtree.com/other-tuition-lesson-services/london/private+tutor, accessed 09 August, 2013]. With the growing number of tutoring agencies with a physical establishment and a strong online presence, the competition in the private tutoring market is varied and intense. According to a directory website of East London, the average rate per hour as charged ranges from  £15 to  £20 per hour [http://www.hometutorsdirectory.co.uk/EastLondonTutors.html, accessed 09 August, 2013]. 3. Marketing plan and Strategy The difference between a rapidly growing company and a slowly growing or declining company operating in the same target market is in the effective marketing of the former. As an example, companies such as Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay and Gillette have all succeeded in their respective market because of the fact that they were able to market better than their competitors. Therefore to grow a business, it is essential to become an effective marketer, promoter and advertiser as well [Henricks, M. (2001): Grow Your Business, Entrepreneur Press, Irvine, CA, USA, p 152]. The marketing plan in this regard includes the construction of a successful strategy for the target. Burk and Lehman (2004) define strategy as a plan of action that has been designed purposely towards a goal or a set of goals. The components of a good strategy should include an assessment of the state of the business at the time of formulating the strategy, identification of the goals to be achieved, and the processes adopted to reach the goal and to consider the problems in the process [Burk, J. and Lehman, R. (2004): Financing Your Small Business, Sphinx Publishing, an Imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc., Naperville, IL, USA, p 21]. 3.1. Initial essentials This is a start-up business; therefore an analysis of present performance of the business cannot be done. There are however a few essentials that has been agreed upon before the business can be started. These essentials include: 3.1.1. DBS checks The DBS checks of the 3 person involved will be done via Disclosure Scotland, and will cost  £25 for each person involved [Disclosure Scotland: Apply online for Basic Disclosure: Cost, http://www.disclosurescotland.co.uk/apply-online/#cost, accessed 10 August 2013]. 3.1.2. Registration and licensing The Company name would be registered and would aim for a certified certificate by filling up an IN01 form and that would cost  £20 [http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/infoAndGuide/faq/registerNewComp.shtml, Accessed 19 August, 2013]. The company would also apply for a limited partnership by filling up an LP5 form [LP5 form, LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS ACT 1907: Application for Registration of a Limited Partnership (In accordance with section 8 of the Limited Partnerships Act 1907), http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/forms/generalForms/LP5_Application_for_Registration_of_a_Limited_Partnership_and_Statement_of_particulars_and_of_the.pdf], and the cost in this regard is also  £20. 3.1.3. Company Address For the time being, the company will be registered against the residential address of Meer Hossain as the nominated / general partner of the firm. 3.2. Objectives of the Business The goals of the business have already been discussed in the short description of the business. However, in this section, the goals would be further broken down in what is known as SMART objectives. SMART is an acronym that is commonly used for determining objectives of a business. SMART objectives are objectives that are â€Å"Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timebound,† or SMART [Martin, V. (2006): Managing Projects in Human Resources, Training and Development, Kogan Page Ltd., London, GBR, p 11]. Based on the goals of the organisation, the objectives set for the company therefore are as follows: 1. To have an overall average revenue of  £5,000 per month at the end of 1st year. 2. To increase the revenue to  £10,000 at the end of year 2. 3. To employ at least 2 local (UK academic qualification) graduate students before the end of year 2. 4. To create an interactive website at the end of year 2 for potential and existing customers. The objectives here specified are mostly related to the expected future performance of the business. 3.3. The Unique Selling Proposition (USP) It is important for a company to come up with a USP for its products or services to stand out from the competition. USP has been defined by Rosse Reeves (1961) as a proposition that communicates to the customers about a unique benefit that can be acquired from a product or service and the benefit needs to have enough power to account for considerable revenue [Reeves, R. (1961): Reality in Advertising, Knopf, New York, NY, USA]. USP was considered to be advertising imperative for any brand building exercise. This company will promote tutoring at a reasonable cost. The USP of this company is therefore affordable education for aspiring students. It is evident that although the target customers are students, the USP will be aimed at parents who would pay for the service and therefore would see the benefit in this process 3.4. Pricing After looking at various figures in the market, the pricing that has been set for various students are as follows: For Entrance Exam preparation:  £15 per session of 1 and half hour. For 13+ tutoring:  £15 per session of 1 and half hour. For GCSE preparation:  £20 per session of 1 and half hour. The pricing has been agreed upon based on the market in East London, and the quoted price above offers more for the money as spent in the existing market of Private tutoring. 3.5. Promotion and Advertising The company would be promoted via 2 major media: The internet and word of mouth. The former can also be termed as Social Media Marketing, and will rely mainly on a Facebook page. There would also be Sales promotion, therefore inserting a bit of incentive for the beginners and encouraging bulk purchase for the company. 3.5.1. Word of Mouth As it has been mentioned before, the partners of the company has each conducted (unstructured) data collection in areas in the Tower Hamlets Borough in an attempt to assess the need of a tutoring service. These surveys were conducted among people that they personally knew. This is where the word of mouth process comes in. Word of mouth is considered to be the most effective method in making the process of decision easier and also in accelerating the decision process of potential customers [Silverman, G. (2001): Secrets of Word-of-Mouth Marketing: How to Trigger Exponential Sales Through Runaway Word of Mouth, AMACOM Books, New York, NY, USA, p 21]. Word of mouth advertising is done by satisfied customers, friends and normally close relatives, but satisfied customers are the most desired in the mix. Each of the partners started private tutoring in the process of helping out a friend or a family member, and that would also be the starting point for this company. The partners would start by tutoring children of the parents they have conducted a survey on, and that would ensure that the process of word of mouth gets started. They would ask these parents to refer them to others, as well as refer any struggling student to them. 3.5.2. Sales Promotion Sales promotion will also be adopted by the company, whereby the target customers would be given an incentive outside the scope of advertising [Hundekar, S.G., Appannaiah, H.R. and Reddy, P.N. (2010): Principles of Marketing, Global Media, Mumbai, IND, p 103]. In this case, the potential customers will be offered to take advantage of bulk purchases, therefore they can buy 5 sessions for the price of 4. The sales promotion would also inspire customers to create a small group of students at their homes for studying, thus reducing the cost per head in the process.. 3.5.3. Social media marketing In this day and age of Facebook, Twitter, Buzzfeed, LinkedIn and various other social media networks, it has become easier to setup a platform that is virtually free and tremendously interactive. The act of posting and creating various contents online creates a ‘circle’ of like minded individuals that interact with each other [Agresta, S., Bough, B. B. and Miletsky, J. I. (2010): Perspectives on Social Media Marketing, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA, p 2, p 36]. Social media have now become an important sector on its own right is considered vital for influencing behaviour of consumers [Assenov, I. (2012): Social Media Marketing and the Hospitality Industry: Evidence from Thailand. 6-7 Sept]. The participants in social media interaction becomes part of the cycle of social feedback, as demonstrated in the figure below. The Cycle also illustrates how social media can influence a market [Evans, D (2010): Social Media Marketing: The Next Generation of Business Engagement, Sybex, Hoboken, NJ, USA]. [pic] Figure 1: Social Feedback Cycle (Source: Evans. D, 2010) Amongst the existing set of Social Media Network, Facebook is considered to have the highest reach. As of 2011, Facebook had more than 500 million users worldwide [Weintraub, M. (2011): Killer Facebook Ads: Master Cutting-Edge Facebook Advertising Techniques (2nd Edition), Sybex, Hoboken, NJ, USA, p 2]. The number of Facebook users is ever increasing. Facebook also has the capability to be personal and professional. It can be used to promote a venture as well as to connect with close ones and friends [Adler, L. and Sillars, R. (2010): Linked Photographers’ Guide to Online Marketing and Social Media, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA]. The partners have decided to open up a Facebook page under the name of the company. The page would act not only as a promotional tool, but it would also act as a platform for feedback from existing students, as they will be able to post various of their queries on a session they have already undergone. The page would also include useful links, videos and study materials relating to the sessions. 4. Operations and Processes 4.1. Background of the owners / employees 1. Shirin Akhter: She is currently doing her MBA with a reputed institute in the UK. He is from a Bangladeshi descent, and has been an experienced private tutor for some time in Bangladesh. Her areas of expertise include Business Studies, Mathematics and Chemistry. 2. Meer Hossain: An ex-engineer in the marine industry, Mr. Meer Hossain has in depth academic knowledge of Applied Physics and Electronics. Like his partner, He also was a house tutor in Bangladesh for a considerable period of time before he moved out to Russia, eventually coming to the UK. He works as a trainer in a retail setting, and therefore is also adept in communicating in the most culturally relevant manner. His are of expertise include Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry. 3. Faisal Iftikhar: Alumni of one of the top business schools in Asia, Faisal Ifitkhar is currently working in the retail industry as a trainer and a customer service assistant. He is adept in creative writing, and recent interests into Physics have increased his understanding of the subject. He has the experience of teaching in a classroom environment as well as a one to one private tutor. His Area of Expertise include Mathematics, Business Studies and Accounting. All of these individuals have one thing in common: they are all good at assessing the needs of the individual and customise their process of teaching accordingly. The partners have also decided to hold weekly meetings that would discuss the problem areas of their own students and work out the best solutions, so that the individual is catered for in a more effective process. 4.2. Personnel plan The company plan to improve their capability and try to reach the undergraduate market by the end of Year 2. It also plans to employ more tutors at the beginning of Year 2. However, the requirement of extra tutors depends on the capacity and the willingness of the existing teachers. There would be a training plan devised for any prospective teacher who is being hired. The training plan would involve the following few processes: 1. Training on the Job: The trainer that has been recruited will be asked to accompany the existing tutors and learn how tutoring is done. This would give them a practical sense of what is involved in the process of teaching. 2. Personal assessment on the skills: Although a tutor will be hired based on a respectable academic record, they would still need to be assessed by the company, and trained if necessary on areas where there is room for improvement. 3. Feedback and group communication: The new tutor will be included in the weekly meetings that discuss specific problems relating to specific students. The discussion would not only assist in learning various ‘tricks of the trade’, but the employee will be able to put in his or her feedback and thus add value to the company. 4.3. Dealing with the start up Martin and Crisp (1992) have described that the initial few months of a business are usually the most expensive ones, and a successful business must have enough to keep it going for several months [Martin, C. L. And Crisp, M. G. (Editor) (1992): Starting Your New Business: A Guide for Entrepreneurs, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Menlo Park, CA, USA, p 12]. This has been considered by the partners. They have all decided that would continue to work in their present workplace, but with reduced hours, and therefore any additional cost relating to the company would be reimbursed by the partners of the company. The input in this regard would count as investment, and therefore the profit would be shared accordingly, at the end of they 1st year, in proportionate to individual investment. 4.4. The process of value creation More and more companies are now becoming socially responsible. It is not enough that a company is profitable, but it is important that a company adds value to the society. Social Entrepreneurs are therefore considered to be the new wave of entrepreneurs. In terms of creating value, the distinction can be made between those who are social entrepreneurs and those who are commercial entrepreneurs. According to Volkmann, Tokarski and Ernst (2012), Commercial entrepreneurs are more focused on value appropriation, whilst the social entrepreneurs are focused on value creation [Volkmann, C. K., Tokarski, K. O. and Ernst, K. (2012): Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business: An Introduction and Discussion with Case Studies, Springer Gabler, p 106]. The company in this regard can be termed as a mixture of both. The obvious value is that of a commercial nature, the business is going to be involved in a profit oriented service industry. However, due to the nature of the service provided, it can be said that the company will also add value as it becomes part of the educational system in the country. 4.5. Diversity management The company aims at tutoring students who are based in the East London Area. East London has a lot of Bangladeshi people, which is therefore culturally and linguistically easier for the owners to relate to. Keeping that in mind, the company is to consider that fact that to be the top of all tutoring agencies, it would need to be able to deal with a diverse group of students coming from a diverse group of ethnicity. Therefore a certain level of Cultural Intelligence or CQ is expected from the tutors. According to Ang & Dyne (2008), CQ or cultural intelligence is the capability of a person to function in various cultural settings [Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. (Editor) (2008): Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA]. The partners, working and living in UK for a considerable period of time, has exhibited CQ towards their co-workers, managers and employees. That learning will be incorporated as the company starts to serve in different cultural settings. The hiring process as explained would also consider in these facts, and preference would be given to someone from a different cultural background than that of the owners. 4.6. Services offered The target market has been identified and classified in preceding sections of this proposal. In this section the services are classified and explained in terms of what kind of tutoring services can be provided among the target consumers. 4.6.1. One to one tuition One to one tuition would obviously be the most common one in this regard. The teacher will travel to the student’s residence and teach him or her on an individual basis. 4.6.2. Group session Not only is group session more cost effective, it is also more effective in terms of learning. A group session enables the students to interact and communicate with each other and thus creates a better understanding of the subject matter. Group sessions would therefore be especially encouraged for the students. 4.6.3. GCSE revision courses As the GCSE exams approach the students, this service would enable the students to get help with the following: †¢ Preparing for the exam †¢ Learning various exam techniques †¢ Guidance for coursework This would also include appraisal services for dissertation and for coursework. 4.6.4. Online services Based mainly on social media feedback, this service would actually use the online platform for feedback and queries from the students and deal with the queries promptly. 4.7. Future operations These services will be part of the start up business, and the company has plans to add more services as the company improves. By the end of year2, the company plans to serve Undergraduate students, and has plans to include distance learning, whereby the internet will be used for group session via video conferencing. 5. Technological consideration There is no denying the impact internet has on the present business scenario. It is considered as one of the â€Å"greatest disruptive technology to hit the world since electricity.† GE chairman Jack F. Welch (1999) said that the internet â€Å"was the single most important event in the U.S. economy since the Industrial Revolution† [Price, R. W. (2004): Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success: Powerful Strategies for Building a High-Profit Business, AMACOM Books, Saranac Lake, NY, USA, p 45]. The technological consideration in this regard is mainly the maximum usage of the internet, especially via Facebook. A Facebook Page will be created for the students and the parents. The Facebook page will include the following: 1. Discussion (Generated by the App ‘Forums’): It is important that students discuss various problems they face with specific subject areas. 2. Videos: various useful hints and tips would be uploaded from the tutors, discussing very specific methods and processes of overcoming various problems regarding subjects. 3. Photos: Photos will include the success of various students who have subscribed to the service of the company, as well as various other related photos, and, true to the internet generation, various ‘Meme’s will also be uploaded to maintain a lighter side of studying. 4. Docs: this is more appropriate for a group rather than a page. The docs section will include various useful hints and tips, shortcuts, and various other methods and processes that are categorised in a coherent order for existing sets of students. However, a Page on Facebook is more public, whereas the privacy of a group can be controlled. Therefore most of the materials will become part of a Facebook group, enabling fee paying students to get the most out of social media. 5.1 Future online plans 5.1.1. Website Many renowned Tutor services, as well as companies, have their own websites. Although there is a cost consideration in a website, the flexibility that can be offered on a website would outweigh the comparatively minimal cost. The website would mainly have the option to pay / register online, therefore making it easier on future customers. 5.1.2. Distance learning via video conferencing There are numerous softwares, apps and programmes that allow for video conferencing for virtually no cost. The only cost consideration in this regard therefore is the initial setup, which would buying a business internet connection for the company, a physical facility to set the computers, and of course, computers that will be used for video conferencing. Video conferencing would thus increase the reach and decrease the cost of travelling. 5.2 Communication To ensure cost minimisation, the partners will make use of their existing mobile phones for various forms of communication. However, there are plans to subscribe pay-as-you-go phone services to deal with future communication, if frequency of calls increase, and also if the cost becomes more than the number of calls the partners can afford. The company expects to include pay-as-you-go phones in the 2nd half of the year. 6. Financial Consideration There is little start-up cost involved in the business. Investment would come mainly from the partners themselves. However, there are future cost and investment considerations in this business that have been mentioned, however, the estimation is based on the projection of increase in business. 6.1. Estimated initial / fixed costs The total cost for the start-up is  £115 in total. There are also costs of travelling, which comes at  £96.80 per month for each tutor (based on a zone 2-4 rate in a travel card). The travelling cost might increase if the target audience lives in zone 1 (which includes Aldgate and Liverpool Street) or is outside zone 4 in East London. These costs will be accounted and paid for from the revenue of the individual tutors. The tutors in this regard might come up with a travel allowance to adjust for the salary of the employee. Adjusting the total cost of travelling to 3,500 for the year (rounded from  £3484.80 annually for the company based on zone 2-4 travelling only), the total cost comes as follows: [pic] Figure 2: Estimated (fixed) Cost for Year 1 |Total Cost for Year 1 | |Travel cost |3,500 | |Start up cost |115 | |Total Cost |3,615 | 6.2. Other Costs There are other costs that might occur, which can be termed as variable costs, though not in its strictest terms of production cost per unit. As far as the plans are concerned, if the company needs to buy pay-as-you-go connections, internet connection, a facility and a video conference setup, additional costs will occur. As an example, if the company is able to rent a space in East London for the aforementioned purposes, the cost would be as follows: Rent / month:  £1,000 –  £2,000 (depending on the facility and the area) Internet payment / month:  £16 (BT Business Broadband) [Latest Bt Business Deals: http://www.uswitch.com/broadband/providers/bt_business/?bb=1&gclid=CJ2ZrMW3m7kCFZPItAodcAIAPQ#content, accessed 19 August 2013] 3 pay-as-you-go phones:  £20 x 3 =  £60 per month (O2 pay and go-go-go service) [O2 Pay and Go Go Go: https://www.o2.co.uk/freesim/, accessed 19 August 2013] 3 laptops (with webcams and microphones): Average market price  £320*3 =  £960 [http://www.currys.co.uk/gbuk/computing/laptops-315-c.html, accessed 19 August 2013]. 6.3. Expected Revenue In terms of the projection of the revenue expected in the future, the company has gone for a conservative approach. The demand for tutors only from private contacts is deemed enough to reach a monthly target of  £5,000. Therefore it does not account for any new students that will be make use of the service in the future. However, the 2nd year projection can be termed as optimistic, as the assumption is that the business will actually grow and will be able to generate double the revenue. The revenues, as expected from the operations, are as follows: [pic] Figure: Expected Revenue for Years 1 and 2 | |Average income / month | | |Year 1 |Year 2 | |Entrance students |2500 |3,500 | |13+ |1500 |3,500 | |GCSE |1000 |3,000 | References 1. Smith, H. (2012): Learn Small Business Startup in 7 Days, Wiley, Milton, QLD, AUS, p 2 2. Murthy, C.S.V. (2010): Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurial Development, Global Media, (Mumbai, IND), p 43 3. Lesonsky, R. (2001): Start Your Own Business: The Only Start-Up Book You’ll Ever Need, Entrepreneur Press, Irvine, CA, USA, p 24 4. Price, R. W. (2004): Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success: Powerful Strategies for Building a High-Profit Business, AMACOM Books, Saranac Lake, NY, USA, p 73. 5. Pinson, L. and Jinnett, J. (2006): Steps to Small Business Start-Up: Everything You Need to Know to Turn Your Idea Into a Successful Business, Dearborn Trade, A Kaplan Professional Company, Chicago, IL, USA, p 2-3. 6. Henricks, M. (2001): Grow Your Business, Entrepreneur Press, Irvine, CA, USA, p 152. 7. Burk, J. and Lehman, R. (2004): Financing Your Small Business, Sphinx Publishing, an Imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc., Naperville, IL, USA, p 21. 8. Martin, V. (2006): Managing Projects in Human Resources, Training and Development, Kogan Page Ltd., London, GBR, p 11. 9. Reeves, R. (1961): Reality in Advertising, Knopf, New York, NY, USA 10. Silverman, G. (2001): Secrets of Word-of-Mouth Marketing: How to Trigger Exponential Sales Through Runaway Word of Mouth, AMACOM Books, New York, NY, USA, p 21. 11. Hundekar, S.G., Appannaiah, H.R. and Reddy, P.N. (2010): Principles of Marketing, Global Media, Mumbai, IND, p 103 12. Agresta, S., Bough, B. B. and Miletsky, J. I. (2010): Perspectives on Social Media Marketing, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA, p 2, p 36. 13. Assenov, I. (2012): Social Media Marketing and the Hospitality Industry: Evidence from Thailand. 6-7 Sept 14. Evans, D (2010): Social Media Marketing: The Next Generation of Business Engagement, Sybex, Hoboken, NJ, USA 15. Weintraub, M. (2011): Killer Facebook Ads: Master Cutting-Edge Facebook Advertising Techniques (2nd Edition), Sybex, Hoboken, NJ, USA, p 2. 16. Adler, L. and Sillars, R. (2010): Linked Photographers’ Guide to Online Marketing and Social Media, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA 17. Martin, C. L. And Crisp, M. G. (Editor) (1992): Starting Your New Business: A Guide for Entrepreneurs, Course Technology / Cengage Learning, Menlo Park, CA, USA, p 12. 18. Volkmann, C. K., Tokarski, K. O. and Ernst, K. (2012): Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business: An Introduction and Discussion with Case Studies, Springer Gabler, p 106 19. Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. (Editor) (2008): Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA 20. Price, R. W. (2004): Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success: Powerful Strategies for Building a High-Profit Business, AMACOM Books, Saranac Lake, NY, USA, p 45. 21. Limited Partnership – GPO2, http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/about/gbhtml/gpo2.shtml, accessed 10 August 2013 22. Set up a business partnership, https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business-partnership, accessed 10 August 2013 23. Fagg, H. (January 19th, 2013): New Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS): What it means for private tutors, http://www.thetutorblog.com/tag/crb/, accessed 10 August 2013 24. Guide: Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks (previously CRB checks), https://www.gov.uk/disclosure-barring-service-check, accessed 10 August 2013 25. Burns, J. (2 August 2013): Private tutors boost grammar chances, suggests survey, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-23547666, accessed 7th of August, 2013 26. Dyer, A. (24 July 2013): Private Tuition Is on the Rise, Should the Industry Be Regulated? HUFFPOST STUDENTS United Kingdom, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/alex-dyer/private-tuition-regulation_b_3643876.html, accessed 8th August 2013 27. Aug 17th 2013: Private tuition Premium economy, The Economist (British Edition), http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21583707-private-education-becoming-more-egalitarian-premium-economy, accessed 20th of August, 2013 28. http://www.gumtree.com/other-tuition-lesson-services/london/private+tutor, accessed 09 August, 2013 29. http://www.hometutorsdirectory.co.uk/EastLondonTutors.html, accessed 09 August, 2013. 30. Disclosure Scotland: Apply online for Basic Disclosure: Cost, http://www.disclosurescotland.co.uk/apply-online/#cost, accessed 10 August 2013 31. http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/infoAndGuide/faq/registerNewComp.shtml, Accessed 19 August, 2013 32. LP5 form, LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS ACT 1907: Application for Registration of a Limited Partnership (In accordance with section 8 of the Limited Partnerships Act 1907), http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/forms/generalForms/LP5_Application_for_Registration_of_a_Limited_Partnership_and_Statement_of_particulars_and_of_the.pdf, accessed 19 August 2013 33. Latest Bt Business Deals: http://www.uswitch.com/broadband/providers/bt_business/?bb=1&gclid=CJ2ZrMW3m7kCFZPItAodcAIAPQ#content, accessed 19 August 2013 34. O2 Pay and Go Go Go: https://www.o2.co.uk/freesim/, accessed 19 August 2013 35. http://www.currys.co.uk/gbuk/computing/laptops-315-c.html, accessed 19 August 2013 Appendix Table 1: Expected Revenue, Year 1 |Jan |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Aug |Sep |Oct |Nov |Dec | |Entrance Exam | £1,000 | £1,000 | £1,500 | £2,000 | £2,500 | £5,000 | £6,000 | £6,500 | £4,500 |0 |0 |0 | |13+ | £1,500 | £1,500 | £2,000 | £2,000 | £2,000 | £2,500 | £1,500 |0 | £1,000 | £1,500 | £1,500 | £1,000 | |GCSE | £1,000 | £1,000 | £1,000 | £1,500 | £2,500 | £2,500 | £1,500 |0 |0 |0 | £500 | £500 | |Total Revenue | £3,500 | £3,500 | £4,500 | £5,500 | £7,000 | £10,000 | £9,000 | £6,500 | £5,500 | £1,500 | £2,000 | £1,500 | | Table 2: Teachers’ Payment, Year 1 |Jan |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Aug |Sep |Oct |Nov |Dec | |Shirin | £800 | £800 | £1200 | £1200 | £2000 | £2400 | £2400 | £1600 | £1440 | £400 | £480 | £400 | |Meer | £1200 | £1200 | £1200 | £1600 | £2000 | £2800 | £2400 | £1600 | £1520 | £400 | £560 | £400 | |Faisal | £800 | £800 | £1200 | £1600 | £1600 | £2800 | £2400 | £2000 | £1440 | £400 | £560 | £400 | |Total Payroll | £2,800 | £2,800 | £3,600 | £4,400 | £5,600 | £8,000 | £7,200 | £5,200 | £4,400 | £1,200 | £1,600 | £1,200 | | Table 3: Profit and Loss (Before Taxes), Year 1 |Jan |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Aug |Sep |Oct |Nov |Dec |Total | |Revenue | £3,500 | £3,500 | £4,500 | £5,500 | £7,000 | £10,000 | £9,000 | £6,500 | £5,500 | £1,500 | £2,000 | £1,500 | £60,000 | |Fixed Cost | £3615 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | £3,615 | |Variable Costs | £35 | £35 | £45 | £55 | £70 | £100 | £90 | £65 | £55 | £15 | £20 | £15 | £600 | |Teacher’s payment | £2,800 | £2,800 | £3,600 | £4,400 | £5,600 | £8,000 | £7,200 | £5,200 | £4,400 | £1,200 | £1,600 | £1,200 | £48,000 | |Total Cost | £6,450 |2835 | £3,645 |4455 | £5,670 |8100 | £7,290 |5265 | £4,455 |1215 | £1,620 |1215 | £52,215 | |Total Profit |- £2,950 |665 | £855 |1045 | £1,330 |1900 | £1,710 |1235 | £1,045 |285 | £380 |285 | £7,785 | |Note: Variable costs are determined as 1% of the expected revenue; assumption includes additional cost of travelling (Zone 1).

Classification of Literature

CLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON| PROSE| POETRY| Form| Paragraph| Verse| Language| Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language| Metrical, rhythmical, figurative language| Appeal| Intellect| Emotions|Aim| Convince, Inform, Instruct| Stirs the readers imagination, present an ideal of how life should be and how life can be| A. Prose –is an ordinary form of written or spoken language without rhyme or meter, either fiction or nonfiction. Prose is writing that resembles everyday speech. The word prose is derived from the Latin word, â€Å"prosa† which literally means straightforward. Prose is adopted for the discussion of facts and topical r eading and does not adhere to any particular formal structures other than simple grammar. Fiction  Ã¢â‚¬â€œisthe form of any  narrative  or  informative  work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the  author. 1. Drama –is the stage presentation of an action or story. It is a story in either verse or prose to be presented on stage. -a term generally applied to a type of literature that seeks to present actual life in brief intense form visibly in front of an audience. -a dialogue written for interpretation by several characters with directions from the author telling what the characters do and with directions giving the background or locale of the action.Playwrights–aredrama writers. Types of Drama: a. Comedy –is shown if man is victorious in the struggle of forces (not necessarily funny). b. Tragedy –is shown if man is overcome or defeated by the opp osing forces (does not necessarily end in violence and death). 2. Short Story–is a brief story usually with one character or two and a simple plot. It can be read in a short span of time. Edgar Allan Poe –is the Father of short story and popularized this literary genre. 3. Novel –is an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals especially with human experience through a connected sequence of events.One example of a novel is fantasy novel which is often set in worlds much different from our own and usually includes magic, sorcery, and mythical creature. 4. Tale –is an imaginative narrative of an event usually a story of fantasy like folktales, fairy tales and tall tale. -reflects man’s desire to know the unknown. -full of magic, enchantment and fantastic situations. Though unreal, it is full of sound and practical wisdom that is real and worthwhile. -helps man find solutions to his daily problems by mirroring in the worlds c reated by his mind. 5.Fable–is a story intended to teach a lesson or morals in which animals are presented as characters. 6. Myth –is an anonymous, traditional story that explains a belief, a custom, or a mysterious natural phenomenon. -comes from the Greek word muthos, which simply means â€Å"story†. -were created out of human need to make sense of the universe and explain how the world and its human inhabitants came to be. 7. Legends –is a story coming down from the past and narrates the origin of a place, thing or object. 8. Folktales –is a story that is created by the â€Å"folk†Ã¢â‚¬â€the common people—and passed along orally from generation to generation. include legends, fables, tall tales, fairy tales, fairy tales, and ghost stories. -are entertaining stories about ordinary people who survive by luck, by using their wits, and by relying on their own natural goodness. * Nonfiction –prose writing that narrates real even ts. 1. Essay –a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a single subject from a limited point of view. -comes from a French word, â€Å"essai† which means â€Å"an attempt or trial†. -was made popular by a German writer, Michel Eyquiem de Montaigne in 1580. He published two volumes of his short compositions which he called â€Å"ESSAIS†. Francis Bacon, the reputed Father of English Essay, write formal essays which were cold and objective. Two Major Types: a) Formal Essay –are usually serious and impersonal in tone. -they are written to inform or persuade, they are expected to be factual, logical, and tightly organized. -put emphasis on purpose and subject. b) Informal Essay –also called as Personal Essay. -generally reveal much about the personalities, mood, habits, likes, dislikes and feelings of their authors. -tend to be conversational in tone and looks into personal experiences and observations. . Biography –is a story of a person’s life narrated or written by another person. 3. Autobiography –is a story of a person’s life narrated or written by himself. 4. Diary –is a daily record of transactions, observations, and events. -is a type of writing that records daily personal reflections, feelings and 5. History –is a chronological account or record of significant events affecting a nation or institution. 6. Chronicle –is a record of a series of events or mere listing of what happened. It does not evidence, comments or reactions. 7.News–is an information about recent and important events or developments either printed in newspapers or broadcast by the media. | 8. Anecdote –a brief and sometimes witty story that focuses on a single interesting incident or event, often in order to make a point or teach a moral lesson. Sometimes an anecdote reveals the character of a famous person. B. Poetry –comes from the Greek word â€Å"poiein†, which means â€Å"to make†. -a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imaginations. uses figurative language that quickens and stimulates the imagination; adds to the effectiveness of the language; gives clearness, force, beauty and memorableness to our ideas. Types of Poetry: 1) Dramatic poetry –deals with plays in verse and which are performed on stage. a) COMEDY –is a play that shows that the hero is victorious against natural or human forces; not necessarily funny. Example: Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream b) TRAGEDY –an important series of events in the life of a protagonist of high birth or noble status.The casually related events culminate in a catastrophe in which the protagonist through his actions is brought low. Example: Sophocle’s Oedipus Rex, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet c) OPERA–is a play usually set to music (sung) and with orch estral accompaniment; characterized by elaborate costuming, scenery and choreography. Example: Giuseppi Verde’s Aida d) OPERETTA –is a short amusing musical play. Example:Polished Pebbles 2) Lyric poetry–is subjectively and intensely emotional -characterized by its musical quality -comes from the word lyre, a harp-like stringed instrument. the love lyric poem plumbs comes from the depths of the human heart. -some early Greek lyricists are Archilochus, Callinus, Sappho and Pindar. Examples: The Eagle by Alfred Lord Tennyson, Love Poem by TitalLacambra-Ayala a) Ode –is elaborate lyric of majestic tone on a serious and dignified theme. It is usually written on a solemn or a highly momentous occasion and addressed in an exalted manner to some object or person. It echoes the emotions or feelings of the people. b) Song –is a short lyric poem intended to be sung. Songs may be sacred or secular, national or personal.Sacred songs –include hymns, anth ems and religious lyrics. Secular songs –may be of any themes, or emotions. c) Sonnet –is a lyric of 14 iambic-pentameter lines according to a definite pattern. Two distinctive forms of these type of poetry are: i. Italian or Petrarchan sonnet –was perfected by Petrarch in the 14th century. It consists of an octet and a sestet with a rhyme scheme abbaabba,cdcdcd or cdecde or cddeee. The octet, which may be descriptive or narrative, leads to reflection or resolution in the sestet. ii. Shakespearian sonnet–a poem of three quatrains and a couplet with the rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefgg.The quatrains are so related that they lead to a significant statement of thought or conclusion in the last two lines. The sonnet as a form of poetry made its first appearance in the 16th century with the sonnet of Spencer and Sir Philipp Sidney. Shakespeare wrote sonnets on the accepted themes on love and friendship. Of the sonneteers, Wordsworth has been considered the most pro lific. Most prominent of the 19th century sonnet writers was Elizabeth Barret Browningwhose â€Å"Sonnets From the Portuguese† had held great appeal especially to lovers all over the world. ) Elegy –is a poem of mournful tone on the theme of death characterized by a marked reflected element. 3) Narrative poetry Narrative poems describe or relate events. Lyric poems express the poet’s thoughts and feelings. Dramatic poems set forth life and character by means of speech and action. The following are examples of narrative poetry: a) Epic –is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society. Most epics include elements of myth, legend, folklore and history.Most epics heroes undertake quests to achieve something of tremendous value to themselves—like the Gilgamesh—or to their society—like the hero of Virgil’s Aenied. Among the world’s greatest epics are the Greek â€Å"Iliad† and â€Å"Odyssey† attributed to Homer and the Anglo-Saxon â€Å"Beowulf†. These epics are called authentical epics having sprung as they were from the people and having no known author. b) Ballad –a song or songlike poem that tells a story. Most ballads have a regular pattern of rhythm and rhyme and use simple language and refrains as well as other kinds of repetition.Ballads usually tell sensational stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge, and jealousy. c) Metrical tale –is a short narrative verse intended to be read in one setting. Its subject matter is drawn from life and may deal with any subject matter and any class of people. Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales† falls under this category. d) Metrical Romance –is a long, rambling love story in verse which appeals to the sense of the marvelous. It is largely concerned with the adventures and exploits of brave knights, romantic love, deeds o f chivalry and religious pursuits.The characters and events are far removed from reality, often passing into the realm of the purely fantastic. The Arthurian tales are the best known of the metrical romance of the middle ages. FIGURES OF SPEECH Figure of speech  Ã¢â‚¬â€œisthe use of a  word  or  words  diverging from its usual meaning. It can also be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a  phrase  with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity.However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a  rhetorical figure, figurative language  or a locution. Figures of speech provoke a thought process and bring depth to the language. To be able to use them well is an art, which can be mastere d over time. The more you read, the more you will be able to understand. With the help of the following figures of speech examples, you too can master the art of using them appropriately.The following figures of speech are commonly used: 1. Simile –a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things by using a connective word such as like, as, than or resembles. Examples:a full moon like an accusing face skinas white as snowflakes an actor’s hand opening more gracefully than a blossom cloudsresembling stuffed animals 2. Metaphor –a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things without using any connective words. Direct metaphor –states that one thing is another. The starts are icy diamonds† -Hewas a lion in the battlefield. Implied –like â€Å"against her black formal gown, she wore a constellation of diamonds† which implies a comparison between diamonds and stars and between th e black gown and a night sky. 3. Metonymy –is the use of an attribute of an object or of something closely associated it to represent that object. Examples:The counsel to the defendant addressed the bench. The pen is mightier that the sword. 4. Synecdoche –is a figure of speech that substitutes a significant part of something for the thing itself.Examples:50 heads of cattle (â€Å"head† is used to mean whole animal) The president's administration contained the best brains in the country (â€Å"brains† is used for intellectually brilliant persons) 5. Personification –a kind of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. In poetry, personification invites the reader to view the world as if natural and inanimate objects possess the same feelings, qualities and souls that people do. Examples:hands of a clock, an angry sky, a tree that looks at God all day 6.Hyperbole –a figure of speech that uses exaggerati on to express a strong sentiment or create a comic effect aimed at either. -also called as overstatement or exaggeration. -often used to capture a sense of intensity or to emphasize the essential nature of something. Example: sweating to death in a stuffy room (hyperbole is used to express extreme discomfort) 7. Paradox –an apparently self-contradictory but is actually true or statement or sentiment that appears contradictory to common sense yet is true in fact. Example: she killed him with kindness, a well-known secret agent, 8.Oxymoron–combination of two seemingly contradictory or incongruous words. Examples: wise fool, deafening silence, cruel love, a stripper's dressing room 9. Irony –a contrast or discrepancy between expectations and reality—between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected and what really happens, between what appears to be true and what is really true. Irony in literature falls into three major categories: a. Verbal Irony–occurs when a writer or speaker says one thing but really means the opposite.Example: When you tell a friend who shows up an hour late for an appointment, â€Å"I just love being kept waiting in the rain†. b. Situational Irony –occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. Example: In Greek mythology, when Zeus falls in love with a mortal woman named Semele. Zeus promised to give her anything she wants. To his dismay, she wants to see him in his true form as the Lord of Heaven. Zeus reluctantly agrees, and he burns her to death. c. Dramatic Irony –occurs when the audience or reader knows something important that a character in the story or play doesn’t know.It can heighten a comic effect or generate suspense. Example: In Oedipus Rex, when the Corinthian messenger tells Oedipus that the king of Corinth has died of natural causes, Oedipus believes he has been released from the prophecy that he will murder his father. The audience, however, knows that the truth has yet to come to light. 10. Alliteration –refers to the repetition of any particular sound among words placed close together, in a sentence or line. These are mainly consonant sounds, but can be vowel sounds too. Example:Don't delay dawn’s disarming display. Dusk demands daylight. Sara’s seven sisters slept soundly in sand. 1. Apostrophe–a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent or dead person, a deity, and abstract quality, or something nonhuman as if it were present and capable of responding. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation ‘O'. Examples of apostrophe are: Examples:O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? –  Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of t imes. –  Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. 2. Onomatopoeia–thisfigure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. Examples:The  buzzing  of bees. The  whirring  of the washing machine. Clap, squish, snort, and whine VERSIFICATION Versification –is the art of making verse. It is based on the principles of prosody (theory of which versification is the practice. Verse –is the language in which the recurrent elements of rhythm exhibit patterns that can be identified and measured. Basis of Verse in English: 1. Accent or Stress –in all words of more than one syllable, one syllable is pronounced with stress more than the others.This emphasis is a combination of pitch, duration, loudness and timbre (accent or stress). Two kinds of syllables: stressed and unstressed 2. Foot –a metrical  unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. Four kinds of feet: a. Iamb or Iambic –refers to one unstressed syllabl e followed by one stressed syllable. Example: aBOVE ^| / ^| /| ^| / ^| /| ^ / ^| /| ^| /| The| falling| out| of| faithful| friends,| renewing| is| of| love|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | b. Trochee or Trochaic –refers to one stressed syllable followed one unstressed syllable. Example: Apple / ^| / ^| /| ^| / ^|Double,| double| toil| and| trouble| c. Anapest or Anapestic –refers to two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example: unconcerned ^| ^| / ^| ^| /| ^| ^ /| I| am| monarch| of| all| I| survey| d. Dactyl or Dactylic –refers to one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. This is the reverse of anapestic. Example: TENderly /| ^| ^| / ^^| Take| her| up| tenderly| 3. Meter –refers to a measure or patterned count of a poetic line. -the number of feet in a line. The number of metrical feet in a line is described as follows: * Monometer— one foot * Dimeter— two feet Trimeterâ₠¬â€ three feet * Tetrameter — four feet * Pentameter — five feet * Hexameter — six feet * Heptameter — seven feet * Octameter— eight feet 4. Stanza –group of lines of fixed number, meter and rhyme pattern, repeated throughout the poem. Some of themore usual stanza forms are: a. Couplet –two lines, usually rhyming b. Triplet –a unit of three lines of verse c. Quatrain –a unit of four lines of verse d. Quintet –a unit of five lines of verse e. Sextet or sestet –a unit of six lines of verse f. Rhyme royale or Chaucerian stanza –consists of seven iambic pentameter lines with the rhyme abc bb cc. . Spencerian stanza –consists of eight iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine (an iambic hexameter line). h. Blank verse –iambic pentameter lines without rhymes. i. Free verse –is a verse free of the essentials of rhyme and meter. Rhythm:  the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Scansion:  describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the syllables. Thus, when we describe the rhythm of a poem, we â€Å"scan† the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress (^) and count the number of feet.The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 shows the following accents and divisions into feet (note the following words were split: behold, yellow, upon, against, ruin'd): ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | That| time || of| year || thou| mayst || in| me || be| hold || | | | | | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | When| yel || low| leaves, || or| none, || or| few, || do| hang ||   | | | | | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | Up| on || those| boughs || which| shake || a| gainst || the| cold,| ||   |   |   |   |   | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|    |   |   |   |   | | Bare| ru || in'd| choirs || where| late || the| sweet| birds| sang ||   |   |   |   |   |   | From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We also see there are five feet per line, making the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter is iambic pentameter. 5. Sound –refers to the sensation preserved by the sense of hearing.In poetry, there are three forms of sound as follows: Rhyme –this is the matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. There are four types of rhyme: a. End Rhyme –when the corresponding sounds happen at the ends of line. b. Internal Rhyme –when the corresponding sounds happen within lines. c. Exact or perfect rhyme –the rhyming words share corresponding sounds, stresses and similar number of syllables. d. Imperfect or slant rhyme –the rhyming words do not e xactly share corresponding sounds. 6. Imagery –refers to the specific details that stimulate senses or the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling or idea. Images can either be one of the following: a. Visual Image –it is something seen b.Aural Image –it is something heard c. Tactile Image –it is something felt d. Olfactory Image –it is something smelled e. Gustatory Image –it is something tasted f. Metaphorical or Symbolic Image –this suggests an idea or feeling beyond what a given image literally image describes. 7. Diction –means choice of words in reference to their effectiveness, clearness or correctness. However, it is also important to know what these words imply or indicate. There are two types of getting meanings, that is, either denotation or connotation. Denotation is also known as the dictionary meaning while connotation refers to a meaning apart from the thing explicitly suggests or describes.

HUnting laws Essay

I’ve never really paid attention to who makes the laws for hunting to be honest I’ve only just followed them. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission is a citizen board, chosen by the Governor, which sets regulations and policies for Colorado’s state parks and wildlife programs. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife is who enforces the laws that the commission makes, there job is to protect, preserve, enhance, and manage wildlife for the use of the people of this state. There are several types of hunting allowed in Colorado such as Archery, Rifles, Muzzle loading, shot gun. And just about every type of mammal can be hunted in regulation elk, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, antelope, bighorn & Desert Bighorn, moose, mountain goat and whitetail deer, bobcat, fox, coyote, and badger. There is also birds such as Partridge, dove, grouse, quail, chucker, turkey, duck, geese, ptarmigan, snipe, and many other birds I don’t feel like naming. I understand why some people are against hunting, I mean when you only know part of the story all you hear is killing an innocent animal. And some people only see the stereotype a think it’s just a bunch of banjo stringing rednecks going Rambo on Bambi’s mom. But there are several laws and regulations keeping all hunting safe and even necessary to keep species size under control. I have hunted all my life, and I’ve learned most of my life lessons sitting on the cold ground with a 30. 6 in my hands waiting for an elk to pass by. So hunting is a part of me, my family doesn’t hunt to just kill an animal, every piece of meat we eat is either a cow from our pasture or elk we killed during hunting season. That is the meat we eat all year, so even though I know why we hunt and why it’s not bad I understand why some people think it might be barbaric. I’m also not saying that some people don’t disrespect the right to hunt and kill anything they see, just like anti-hunters think.

The cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The cask of amontillado - Essay Example The narrator was cunning in his use of self-deprecation to keep his victim at ease. Montresor constantly employed stroking Fortunato’s ego and commending his fortune while belittling himself which the latter enjoyed and Montresor secretly disdained. â€Å"You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For me it is no matter† (Poe 11). Relentlessly, Montresor put on the show of bowing down to Fortunato and emphasizing their polar place in society. Both born of noble blood, the obvious loss of Montresor’s money and place in society became a source of his envy and spite. But though he may have been suffering from poverty, the inherent conceit of an aristocrat remains with him and throughout the story he hints of an insult that Fortunato committed against him. Though it was not spoken in specific terms exactly what humiliation Montresor had suffered, his lust for revenge was enough to fuel

The sudden economic crises of Dubai, a result of their own doing A Essay

The sudden economic crises of Dubai, a result of their own doing A critical perspective within the Michael Porter's diamond model for international businesses - Essay Example However with global recession hitting the world in 2008 all investments came to a halt. The market became bearish and infrastructure projects came to a halt. Dubai was adversely affected because the property prices during normal times were sky high but dropped immensely during recession. It was felt by analysts that Dubai was like a pack of cards and its fall was inevitable. It was regarded as a monument of greed and vanity. It is in this context that the report is prepared and it analyzes how the own doing of Dubai led to the crisis. The crisis is analyzed using Porter’s Diamond model and it has been found that Dubai largely depended on foreigners to avail its services. The domestic demand from locals was not very high. Porter has identified domestic demand as an important factor for a firm’s competitive advantage. This was Dubai’s weakness. As far as labor factors are considered there are not many local labors available in Dubai. Dubai depends on laborers from other countries which is a setback for Dubai. Moreover lack of education is also an important factor which Dubai needs to work upon in order to be competitive in future. The United Arab Emirates is divided into seven city states which has their own governments, own budgets, own legal structure and so on. Dubai has developed at a very fast pace but in the last decade it has increased it spending massively in major infra structure projects in order to develop real estate and to attract tourists. The Dubai problem started when Dubai World which is the state owned company having a liability of $60 billion, announced its bail out plans (Spencer, 2009). The uncertainty regarding Dubai sent down shivers across the globe. It led to more than $14 billion being wiped out of the British banks. Although the total debt of Dubai was around $80 billion, the uncertainty had a rippling effect all across the globe (Hosking & Robertson, 2009). The report tries to find out the main causes

Single Parent Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Single Parent - Assignment Example As yet there are no estimates of the numbers of deaths from CHD which are due to poor psychosocial well-being or of the numbers of deaths which could be avoided if psychosocial well-being was increased. Although, some single parent are doing their best to support the needs of their family, they still encounter some potentials problems like, visitation and custody arrangements, effects upon the children of continued conflict between parents, decrease in the amount of time parents and children can spend together, effects of a divorce on children's performance in school and peer relations, and disruptions in extended family relationships. To cope with this problem, single parent should often talk to his children regarding on their feelings with each other. They should also learn how to communicate with each other, spend time together to go shopping, playing different kinds of sports, watching some interesting movies or simply going to church together. These ways will help develop a better single parent and children relationship. Amy is a 38 yr. Old single parent who has three children aged 9, 7 and a newborn baby boy. She has a hard time taking care of her children especially her new baby due to being busy looking after the rest of the family. Her brother Rys is 30, who has a moderate learning disability, shows signs of distress due to his worries to his family. Her father Ronald, who is 76 yr. Old widower, had a fall and since then his mobility has seriously deteriorated. Due to the circumstances that Amy's family is facing, she is feeling tense and anxious about how is she going to cope with supporting her dad, while continuing to meet the needs for her children. With Amy's situation, it's really hard to give everything to her family especially that she is the only one supporting them. She may experience depression and stress due to her responsibilities to her family. To cope with this, she should know the thing that a single parent must do in order to meet the needs of her family. Amy is having a hard time coping up with her kids, her father and brother and on how to make both ends meet. Having these problems at hand just right after giving birth to a baby boy made her not only physically drained but also mentally disturbed. Due to this, she may suffer from Post Natal Depression. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists, around 1 in every 10 women has PND after having a baby. If untreated, it can last for months, or sometimes longer. There are number of symptoms suffers

Social & Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social & Ethical Issues - Essay Example Kant formulated the categorical imperative as a foundation for ethical action. Two aspects of the categorical imperative are that a person should act such that he1 can also will that the maxim of his action should become a universal law, and he should act such that he treats humanity-both in own and another's person-as an end and never as a means. Kant's theory thus defines ethics on the nature of actions, and not on their outcome (Kay, 1997) The morality of an action depends on intention only. A moral action may cause distress rather than happiness to the one who acts. But morality is more important than happiness. Moral action will ultimately lead to peace of mind (happiness) at having done the right thing. The motive for a moral action should not be the fact that it could lead to happiness, but that the action is moral in itself. Kant maintains that this principle does not recognize any exceptions. Utilitarianism states that the ethicality of an action depends solely on whether it increases utility or not. Therefore the morality of an action depends on its outcome, and on nothing else. Utility is happiness or pleasure, and suffering is disutility. How do these conflicting dicta help us in deciding ethical courses of action, in today's confusing times Let us look at euthanasia. The word euthanasia means "a happy death" and refers to legally sanctioned death. Although some countries have legalized euthanasia (E g Netherlands), there are several ethical issues that arise in its application. First of all, there is the very definition of death. Now that life can be prolonged by sophisticated machines, it gets difficult to decide whether the life that is kept artificially going has really gone beyond a point, where it cannot be brought out of its vegetative state. There have been cases when machines have been switched off, and bodies that were expected to cease, continued in a coma. With the rapid pace at which medical science has been progressing, conditions which were considered untreatable yesterday, can be dealt with today. Therefore, should we not wait before euthanasia is carried out in any instance, as tomorrow may bring a cure Can it be done even if a person while in a healthy state of body and mind has willed that he should be administered euthanasia in case he slips into an irretrievable state of death Is suicide okay Should doctors assist in suicide Then how about unborn children Is abortion permissible Do we have the right to decide on the ending of any life-that of an unborn child, as well The questions are numerous. But evidently there are no clear-cut answers to these. Mill talks about competing utilities. He says that all we need to do is to compute the utility that would be generated by opposing course of actions, and choose that set of actions that generates a higher utility. This is easier said than done. How does one compute utility What is the objective standard to measure this Since utility is based on feelings, how does one measure the strength of feelings If maximizing utility were the only concern, we would be led to bizarre and dangerous conclusions on ethical issues. If morality consisted merely in promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers, then the majority rules, and the minority suffers. Let's look at the

People Obsessed With Their Appearance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People Obsessed With Their Appearance - Essay Example Repetition of these standards of attractiveness in both genders in media sustained over years has finally convinced the audiences that in order to be classified as attractive, they need to start working towards fulfilling these criteria of beauty. Surgery is the most effective and easiest but expensive way of enhancing one’s looks. Most of the people who can afford a surgery go for it because they want at least one feature in their body to be improved. Again, media is responsible for this since a vast majority of the celebrities both male and female have undergone botox surgeries to modify the shape of their nose or lips, be they from Hollywood or Bollywood or any other film industry. Since the celebrities are taken as models by the general public, they follow them in the same way thus ending up getting surgeries. â€Å"Americans had nearly 14m cosmetic procedures last year, spending $10.1bn in the process - on collagen and botox injections, breast implants, buttock lifts and nose jobs† (â€Å"US plastic surgery†). Unfortunately, not every surgery results in an improvement in the facial feature. Countless cases of surgeries gone wrong can be witnessed on Google images. People know that undergoing a surgery can be risky and the damages last forever, but this warning has no effect on the determination of many to undergo the surgery. In the recent years, many new techniques of fat removal have surfaced. These techniques include but are not limited to fat removal with liposuction, and incision.

Social Work Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Work Approaches - Essay Example Significantly, this type of therapy concentrates on how the individual thinks and behaves at present rather than in the patient’s early childhood experiences that could have brought about the typical behaviour. The approach entails weekly therapy sessions that is coupled with daily practice exercises designed to help patients apply the cognitive behavioural therapy skills which they have learned into their own personal settings or environment. Treatment is short and does not last longer than 16 weeks or 4 months (University of Michigan \depression Centre, 2006). Cognitive behavioural therapy employs three (3) essential features, which are (University of Michigan Depression Centre, 2006): 1) Cognitive restructuring, 2) behavioural activation, and 3) enhancing problem solving skills. Cognitive restructuring focuses on the identification of the maladaptive or erroneous thoughts that makes the patient feel depressed. Usually, the depression is about themselves, their environment and their future. Maladaptive thoughts about themselves include feelings of being worthless or stupid because they cannot get jobs or because they commit mistakes – which in reality are considered petty or small problems. In connection with this, they tend to lose interest and cut back on their customary activities, which an ordinary and normal individual get pleasure from as part of his or her daily existence. Thus, the person concern spends more idle time to focus on distorted thoughts that would eventually pave way for negative emotions. In relation to the foregoing, home settings and the environment in general makes a person feel depressed because he or she perceives being a social outcast. This is why social interactions with the family and with the community become deficient and limited. This makes the person withdrawn and resentful due to the wrong notion that nobody likes him or her. As a consequence, typical home life is disrupted because the

We are not free- Really Essay Example for Free

We are not free- Really Essay â€Å"Freedom is what you do with what’s been done to you,† said French philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre. This is how majority of people live day to day without realization that they are. According to Webster’s dictionary freedom is defined as, â€Å"the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. â€Å" We the people believe that we are â€Å"free† when, in fact, we are not entirely free. The freedom we possess does not exactly match the given definition; instead, it matches up with Sartre’s quote. We have altered the definition of freedom due to the society we live in. Based off of how we live and what circumstances have been placed on us, we work around it and create our own version of freedom. Our lives are greatly affected around the rules placed by the government and the expected guidelines that society imposes on us to restrict true individual freedom and change our idea of freedom. Though our government, the Government of the United States of America, gives us many freedoms (freedom of speech, religion, press, etc), we are still not wholly free. Without laws and rules chaos would arise, however; with them we are not completely free to do as we please. For instance, we do not have the freedom to drive a car as fast as we feel. We have laws and rules restricting how we can drive. But, if we think within our given restrictions, then we see ourselves as free. We can freely transport ourselves in our own vehicle when we want to where we want, but we must do so under the laws given. Another restriction the government has placed on driving is that a vehicle must have insurance on it to be driven legally. The freedom of choosing whether or not you want car insurance is out of the question. Driving a car itself is limited only to those over the age of sixteen. Anything that requires a license is restricted by the government, for example, owning a weapon. Not everyone has the individual freedom to own a gun unless approved by the government. Age restrictions are also placed on the people, restricting what they can do. If one is younger than eighteen he or she cannot purchase or consume tobacco products. If one is under the age of 21 he or she cannot consume alcohol. For instance, I, an 18 year old, cannot legally walk into a store and purchase a bottle of liquor, yet drink one. Individual freedom is restrained, for instance, no one can ingest certain drugs in his or her own body and no one can prostitute themselves. Some actions people choose to do with their own bodies are not tolerated. Money is also a restriction on what we can do. It may not be directly affected by the government, however, we are given money from the labor we put into society to spend as we choose, only under the restriction that we pay our taxes. The government has put laws on the citizens of its country that restrict many freedoms they have, if not obeyed than one is punished with fines or jail time; therefore we are not absolutely free. Besides written laws, society places unwritten rules that hold us back from doing and saying what we want. We are expected to talk and act a certain way. Unofficial guidelines are pushed onto us, keeping us from being free. We are given â€Å"freedom of speech† but does that really give us the freedom to say whatever we like to whomever we like? We are expected to behave in a manner that does not let us be free. It is okay for a student to approach a teacher and scream at them? It is okay to harass someone? It is okay to cut in front of a line you have been waiting in for hours? In the society we live in the answer to these questions are no. If a student chooses to disrespect their teacher he or she will be sent down to the principal’s office for punishment. Harassing another person could cause others to look down on you as an individual. Choosing to cut in front of another in a line would displease those having to wait longer causing disorder between all the people and the â€Å"cutter†. This is what happens in the society we live in and no one is happy with the results that come with these actions. Children do as their parents tell them; students do as their teachers tell them; workers do as their bosses tell them, because in this society we all follow some sort of higher power, which is expected. Even if we may not want to do as our higher powers tell us, we still do so because we are not free to disobey without any penalty. We are not entirely free to do as we please due to the fact that negative consequences are presented if we disobey society’s â€Å"rules. † The laws forced on us through the government and higher powers and expectations placed on us through the society we live in, hinder our true potential freedom. We like to think of ourselves as â€Å"free people† and a â€Å"free nation,† when in fact, we are not really free. We do not realize how we are not truly free and follow what Sartre had said. We think of freedom as doing as we choose with what has already been done with us; laws, rules, regulations. These are all constraints on our actions which does not meet the definition of freedom. Whatever we do has some sort of restraint pulling us back from doing what we want. Just because we have some freedoms does not ultimately make us free individuals.

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Paul the Apostle is one of the most important people in the New Testament. He wrote more books in the New Testament than any other author. This man did not start out as the person he was in the end however, for he was not always a Christian or lover of them. For a person to know who they are and where they come from is one thing, but to trade all one knows in for a different identity, life, and religion is something else altogether. Paul lived a life that was life changing, as well as world changing, to those he came into contact with. Paul was a very hard and rugged man and would not have made it through everything he encountered if it had not been for; the way he was raised as Saul, his conversion to Christianity, and his ability to place the mission of God before his own. Paul was born as Saul in the city of Tarsus, a commercial city in Asia Minor, located not too far from the Mediterranean coast. He more than likely was named after the first king of Israel, King Saul. His mother and father were Jewish, his father being a Pharisee from the family line of Benjamin, the son of Jacob. Being born and raised in a place like Tarsus made him aware of many other types of people from all walks of life. He encountered sailors, soldiers, merchants, wealthy and poverty stricken people. He also learned the trade of tent making while growing up in order to earn a decent living. In the tradition of the family during that time, whatever the father did as a trade the sons did also. The textile industry of that day, which included tent making and outer garments, did a fairly lucrative profession back then due to the presence of the sailors and soldiers ordinarily needing shelter from the elements. Not only was Saul born a Jew but he was also a Roman citizen. No one kno ws for sure; however it was Roman law that if a person was born free anywhere in the Roman Empire then they were Roman citizens. When males were born to Jewish parents they were dedicated to the service of God and brought up in very strict Jewish religious custom. Sauls mother read the Torah to him until around age four or five and then his father became his teacher for a year. By the time he was about six years old he was taken to school to learn the teachings of Moses in Hebrew and Greek, memorizing them as the teacher recited them. This took a lot of hard work and concentration on a young childs part but this is how serious his parents were about their tradition and religious belief. At fourteen or fifteen years old it was off to rabbinical school to study under Gamaliel, who was considered the master Rabbi. After studying under Gamaliel he became a Pharisee, for he said of himself in the bible; Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee (Acts 23:6). (Nelson) In the transition of studying in Tarsus and then studying in Jerusalem, Saul discovered that to be a Pharisee meant something totally different. He had learned that in Tarsus, it meant to observe the teachings of Moses and its interpretations by the Rabbi. In Jerusalem it meant to be a separatist and legalistic in your views concerning the Law. This is a major turning point in the life Saul. These men sought to hurt or even kill anyone who opposed them or called them out on their wrong doing. This is the advanced education Saul now received and had a fire in his heart to carry out this new standard of belief and teaching, this belief system that exchanged the spirit of the law for the letter of the law. Unlike the person he was a few years earlier he now becomes a crazed, heartless, religious fanatic that desires to destroy anyone that believes openly what is contrary to what he believes. He gets to the point where he not only kills Christians but because of his deep hatred for them, he a lso rounds them up to bring them into the city for torture, entertainment and sport. He goes all out persecuting Christians for what he believes is right; things like getting written permission to drag people from their homes to bring them to Jerusalem; until one day he has an experience on the Damascus road. (Boyd) While traveling from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to round up Christians, Saul had an experience he would never forget. As he rode down the Damascus road, all of a sudden he fell off the horse he was riding and a bright light shined all around him. (Acts 9:3-4) (Nelson) So bright in fact, that he was blinded by it. He heard a voice he thought to be a man but later recognized that it was not a man but the very Christ he persecuted by persecuting the Christians. This was another major turning point in the life of Saul. He now goes from persecuting, killing, beating, and torturing Christians to becoming one. His blindness lasted for three days and then he was healed of his blindness by the laying on of hands as it had been previously told to him. His name now is changed from Saul to Paul and he leaves Damascus and goes to Arabia in order to get to know the God of his salvation personally. He knows who God is by the letter of the written law but now needs to know Him by the spirit, so he gets away for approximately three years to spend time with God. After Paul returns to Damascus he proves hands down that Jesus is the Messiah, just like Jesus said He was, and the Jews there tried to kill him because he now preached the truth of the law they knew and recited. Pauls escaping with his life from this death attempt became the catalyst to him going from place to place and city to city spreading the Gospel. He was however, made an Apostle, and commissioned to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, the Grecians and all the non Jewish people, and convert them to Christianity and not the Jews. (Boyd) Paul began to travel on what is known as his missionary journeys throughout Asia Minor encountering manifold crises and near death experiences. He forged very strong relationships with men and women of like passion for God and His work as well as establishing many churches and installing pastors to oversee them as he traveled. He visited the churches he established and wrote letters to them when he could not physically be there. These letters came to be known as the Pauline epistles in the New Testament. These same letters serve today as direction and guidance for holy living. Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked several times, attacked, arrested, beaten with rods, and left for dead; yet persevered until he had accomplished his mission. Absolutely nothing but death would keep Paul from fulfilling the destiny that was his to complete and he did not taste of death until he knew he was ready. However, when the time had come for him to die they executed him. Ordinarily, they would have cruci fied him but it was unlawful to crucify a Roman citizen, so he was beheaded. Paul the Apostle was a great man in history and his life lives on through the pages of Holy Scripture. (Boyd) Citations Boyd, Robert T. Paul the Apostle. Iowa Falls: World Bible Publishers, 1995 Holy Bible: King James Version. Nashville: Nelson, 1999

Networks Project Proposal Introduction

Networks Project Proposal Introduction Networks Project ProposalIntroduction: The home network has potential. It adds growth and knowledge. The home network is important to use and access internet connection easily in home wireless network. This network also provide many other benefits as well like as, sharing a file between your computers in your home network, sharing a media file, sharing a folders between your computers in your home wireless network.iStock This wireless network does not cost much and it has many benefits to provide to connect wireless and non wireless devices across the network. The current network is connected via cables so its wired network. A cable goes from study room to lounge and from bed room to main hall. Its not feasible to connect many devices together in home via cable network because its require cabling through out the home and many times just because of loose cabling you have to connection loss. To overcome this hurdles in home network and to connect additional devices easily to home network wireless networking is very beneficial, so I am approaching to upgrade this wired network to wireless network. So the vast benefit of wireless networking like as I can share my files and folders more easily with my laptop and desktop computers. I can access my pictures from desktop computer to mobile device via wireless home networking. To share a printer in your home network wireless networking is more feasible option to choose because, in wireless network we dont need to run a long cable from router to printer. We can adjust the printer anywhere in home and still it will be connected to your computer via wireless connection. Network up gradation provide the benefit of using more wireless clients easily. Rationale: Connecting computers together (or computer devices) has been a main concern since the beginning of the information age. In the beginning of the computer revolution computing relied heavily upon telecommunication technologies for sharing computing resources, mostly due to the cost and size of those resources. For years, computer networks were nothing more than dumb terminals connected to a supercomputer (mainframe) in another location. This was the beginning of the computer network as we know it today. This web curriculum is designed to assist students in their understanding of computer networks and to help them gain the necessary knowledge that will afford them the skills and abilities of designing and implementing their own personal computer network. Project Goals: Next-generation home networking environments will contain a variety of Internet-ready devices or embedded systems, which will result in increased complexity for the end user. New methods are therefore required to build autonomic networking infrastructures that enable auto-configuration and self-management of the networked elements. In future Internet-based home environments a variety of devices such as PCs, smart phones, networked appliances and embedded systems will be organized into infrastructures and will act together to form a new type of service provisioning platform. Todays typical home environments often contain a few of these Internet-ready devices; in the future there will be even more, including embedded systems like sensors and actuators that are also accessible via Internet technology (e.g. TCP/IP, HTTP, Web services etc). While on the one hand this gives users the freedom to access a rich variety of devices in the vicinity of their homes, on the other it increases the depth of knowledge required to understand what is happening in such a complex networking environment. Novel methods for autonomous networking as well as self-configuration, self-management, self-organization, self-protection and self-healing (self-x) of the networking elements can take responsibility for observing and controlling the home network without directly involving end users. Technology will revolutionize the tools that are used in the home of the near future. Embedded computing, sensing and actuation technologies-coupled with new infrastructure in the built environment itself-will combine to enable new opportunities to support the work of the home. The wireless home networking goal is to successfully connect wireless devices such as laptops, desktop computers, VoIP phone, wireless printer, and network storage drive and wifi cell phone. The other goal is to configure the wireless devices so they can share network folders and print wirelessly in home network and to successfully achieve that we need to install wireless router and cable modem in home wireless network. Resources: Cost: The cost to build network is illustrate bellow, Linksys wireless router Cable modem Wireless printer Virtual Lan Network storage drive (Netgear) Switch Router The cost for internet connection which is provided by ISP is not included in the proposed network cost. The devices which are used in home wireless network are under warranty by the manufacturer for 3years and the technical support is also provided. Research: Advantages Disadvantages of wireless network: Wireless network have advantages and disadvantages when compared with wired LANs. A WLAN will make it simple to add or move workstations and to install access points to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay cable. Temporary or semi permanent buildings that are in range of an access point can be wirelessly connected to a LAN to give these buildings connectivity. Where computer labs are used in schools, the computers (laptops) could be put on a mobile cart and wheeled from classroom to classroom, provided they are in range of access points. Wired network points would be needed for each of the access points. A WLAN has some specific advantages: It is easier to add or move workstations. It is easier to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay cable. Installation is fast and easy, and it can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings. Access to the network can be from anywhere within range of an access point. Portable or semi permanent buildings can be connected using a WLAN. Although the initial investment required for WLAN hardware can be similar to the cost of wired LAN hardware, installation expenses can be significantly lower. When a facility is located on more than one site (such as on two sides of a road), a directional antenna can be used to avoid digging trenches under roads to connect the sites. In historic buildings where traditional cabling would compromise the faà §ade, a WLAN can avoid the need to drill holes in walls. Long-term cost benefits can be found in dynamic environments requiring frequent moves and changes. Wireless network also have some disadvantages: As the number of computers using the network increases, the data transfer rate to each computer will decrease accordingly. As standards change, it may be necessary to replace wireless cards and/or access points. Lower wireless bandwidth means some applications such as video streaming will be more effective on a wired LAN. Security is more difficult to guarantee and requires configuration. Devices will only operate at a limited distance from an access point, with the distance determined by the standard used and buildings and other obstacles between the access point and the user. Methodology: Solution: find-ip-address To overcome the technical issues take necessary steps to build wireless home network. To solve the wireless range problem with the 802.11b/g, in this network 802.11n wireless standard is chosen. So it will provide wide range of wireless network and it will be enough for small to medium size home. The wireless security is configured so the home wireless network can be protected. To protect wireless security WPA2 personal security encryption is configured and MAC address allocation is also configured so the wireless router will not provide access to any other device and the home wireless clients devices will be secured. The firewall is also enabled on Linksys wireless router so it will provide security from outside. From outside no one can hack your home network and harm the computer systems. The ultimate in wireless security measures, shutting down your network will most certainly prevent outside hackers from breaking in! While impractical to turn off and on the devices frequently, at least consider doing so during travel or extended periods offline. Computer disk drives have been known to suffer from power cycle wear-and-tear, but this is a secondary concern for broadband modems and routers. Summary: To build wireless home network, using this simple three-step approach: 1. Identify the WLAN design thats best for your situation 2. Choose good wireless gear 3. Install gear and test the configured WLAN Wireless offers tangible benefits over traditional wired networking. Each computer you wish to connect to a WLAN must possess a wireless network adapter. Wireless adapters are sometimes also called NICs, short for Network Interface Cards. Wireless adapters for desktop computers are often small PCI cards or sometimes card-like USB adapters. Try to install your wireless router in a central location within the home. The way Wi-Fi networking works, computers closer to the router (generally in the same room or in line of sight) realize better network speed than computers further away. In densely populated areas, its not uncommon for wireless signals from one persons home network to penetrate a neighboring home and interfere with their WLAN. This happens when both households set conflicting communication channels. Fortunately, when configuring an 802.11n router, you can change the channel number employed. For example, you may choose any WLAN channel number between 1 and 11. If you encounter interference from neighbors, you should coordinate channel settings with them. Simply using different channel numbers wont always solve the problem. However, if both parties use a different one of the channel numbers 1, 6 or 11 that will guarantee elimination of cross-WLAN interference. Wireless LANs suffer a few more reliability problems than wired LANs, though perhaps not enough to be a significant concern. 802.11n wireless signals are subject to interference from other home appliances including microwave ovens, cordless telephones, and garage door openers. With careful installation, the likelihood of interference can be minimized. Wireless networking products, particularly those that implement 802.11n are comparatively new. As with any new technology, expect it will take time for these products to mature. Wireless LANs using 802.11n support a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 300 Mbps. Furthermore, Wi-Fi performance is distance sensitive, meaning that maximum performance will degrade on computers farther away from the access point or other communication endpoint. As more wireless devices utilize the WLAN more heavily, performance degrades even further. Overall, the performance of 802.11n is sufficient for home Internet connection sharing and file sharing, but generally not sufficient for home LAN gaming.