3 Answers to Questions About Capitalization

3 Answers to Questions About Capitalization 3 Answers to Questions About Capitalization 3 Answers to Questions About Capitalization By Mark Nichol Here are my responses to readers about questions regarding whether to use uppercase or lowercase letters in certain contexts. 1. Would you write, â€Å"I study algebra,† or â€Å"I study Algebra†? â€Å"I’m enrolled in algebra II,† or â€Å"I’m enrolled in Algebra II†? Is the following sentence correct? â€Å"The school offers algebra, French, physics, Spanish, Geometry, and english.† When you refer to an academic subject, write, for example, â€Å"I study algebra.† (Capitalize only names of languages and other proper nouns.) However, when the reference is to a course in which an academic subject is taught, write, for example, â€Å"I’m enrolled in Algebra II.† The terms in this revision of your final sample sentence are styled correctly: â€Å"The school offers algebra, French, physics, Spanish, geometry, and English.† See also the first item in this post. 2. One of our counties considers itself â€Å"the birthplace of prohibition.† My question is whether prohibition should be capitalized. I’ve seen it done that way before but can’t remember if it may have been only in the context of references to the era or the Eighteenth Amendment.† When referring to the principle rather than the era or the legislation, I’d lowercase the word: â€Å"The nonpartisan organization focused on the single issue of prohibition.† But in reference to the specific US government policy during the 1930s (or any other similar official policy in another country), capitalize the term. And if the county actually markets itself with the slogan â€Å"The Birthplace of Prohibition,† acknowledge that epithet by writing, â€Å"The county considers itself the ‘Birthplace of Prohibition’†). 3. What are the rules for saying something starts with a capital letter? Which one is correct: â€Å"The word God has a capital G,† or â€Å"The word God has a capital g†? No resource I know of refers to this specific point about naming a letter as a letter, so in this case I must defer to usage. â€Å"The word God has a capital G† may seem redundant, but that’s the prevailing style. Otherwise, when the reference is not specifically to an uppercase letter, the lowercase form should be used. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past FormPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essays

Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essays Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essay Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essay Extraction of Caffeine from Tealeaves Perez, Albert Solomon K. *; Quiambao, Marie Angela C;. Pascua, Hanna Harriette R. ; Patricio, Maria Roxanne DC. ; 2-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Santo Tomas Espana St. , 1015, Manila Abstract Caffeine is soluble in both water and organic solvents, solid-liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction were used in the experimentation process. Caffeine was extracted using hot water, however, due to its medium polarity; it was further separated from water soluble compounds using a polar non-protic solvent, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). Sublimation was then used for the purification of the targeted compound. Based from the data collected, 5. 758g of tea leaves contains 3. 96% caffeine. After the purification process, 0. 2279g of caffeine was obtained from 0. 4948g crude extract with 46. 06% yield. Melting point determination was used to characterize the caffeine yielded. However, the melting point range of the caffeine collected (190Â °C -215 Â °C) was lower than the melting point of the accepted value (238 Â °C) which may be due to experimental errors committed in the extraction and washing process. Introduction Tea has been consumed as a beverage for almost 2,000 years starting in China. It is the most widely consumed beverage after water [1]. Their active participation in trade resulted in its introduction to Europe. The active component in tea is caffeine (C8H10N4O2). Caffeine belongs to an extensive class of compounds known as the alkaloids. Alkaloids are a diverse group of compounds that are found primarily in plants and contain basic nitrogen atom(s). The basic nature of these compounds makes them exists mostly as salts. Many alkaloids have profound effects on the nervous system and acts as a mild stimulant examples are other well-known alkaloids such as morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine. Aside from being a mild stimulant, caffeine is one of the most promising organic compounds in medicine, in a study by Miura, T. et al. , green tea extracts showed lowering in blood pressure of a mice with diabetes type 2 and thus a plausible treatment for diabetes[2]. However, caffeine may be associated with serious ventricular arrhythmias in susceptible people. Caffeine may increase beat-to-beat heart rate variability and also QT interval variability during rapid eye movement sleep[3]. Caffeine cannot be obtained directly; every pot of coffee or cup of tea involves solid/liquid extraction, the extraction of organic compounds from solid ground beans or leaves using hot water as the liquid. The lower molecular weight polar molecules such as caffeine dissolve in the hot water and are removed from the high molecular weight water-insoluble cellulose, protein, and lipid materials. Over 200compounds, some in only trace quantities are extracted from the solid into a cup of coffee or tea. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of caffeine. [pic] Figure1. Caffeine While solid-liquid extraction is the most common technique used to brew beverages and isolate natural products, liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method used in the organic laboratory. Organic reactions often yield a number of by-products, some inorganic, some organic. Also, since they do not go to 100% completion, some starting material is also often present at the end of an organic reaction. Liquid-liquid extraction is often used as the initial step in the work-up of a reaction, before final purification of the product by recrystallization, distillation or sublimation. Varying extracts from various plants have been used as teas, potions, medicines and poisons. However, these extracts can contain a mixture of many different chemicals, often only one or few are responsible for the activity of the extract. The objective of this experiment is to isolate, purify and characterize caffeine from tea leaves. Moreover, to calculate the percent yield of caffeine. Results and Discussion Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves through solid-liquid extraction using water bath would cause the tea leaves to swell and release caffeine and other compounds such as tannins. To further separate caffeine from other soluble compounds, an organic solvent, Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) was used. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) selectively extract caffeine from the tea extract by separating it from the other organic compounds and leaving them suspended in water. Table1. Relative Weights of Products Yield of Products | |Brand of tea leaves |Nature’s Pride | | | | |Extraction | |Weight of beaker |28. 6880g | |Weight of beaker |34. 4460g | |+ tea leaves | | |Weight of tea leaves |5. 58g | |Weight of evaporating dish |115. 7196g | |Weight of evaporating dish |116. 2144g | |+ crude caffeine | | |Weight of crude caffeine |0. 4948g | | | | |Purification | |Weight of empty vial |32. 2127g | |Weight of empty vial |32. 406g | |+ caffeine crystal | | |Weight of caffeine c rystal |0. 2279 | Extraction uses the solubility differences of these molecules to selectively draw the product into the organic layer. Liquid-liquid extractions using 20mL dichloromethane was done three times to ensure the highest percentage of caffeine separation. All portions of dichloromethane was mixed and was washed with 20mL 6M NaOH in the separatory funnel, to remove acidic content from the solution that may have remained after the extraction with dichloromethane. The ‘washed’ dichloromethane solution was filtered through a filter paper containing anhydrous Na2SO4 to further dehydrate the solution, hydrating the Na2SO4 into its hydrated form Na2SO4Â ·H2O. Table 1 shows the different weights of the sample obtained through extraction and purification before its characterization. Crude caffeine, about 0. 4948g was obtained through recrystallization, and was purified. Purification was facilitated by sublimation with an air bath to gather the pure crystalline caffeine. The crystalline caffeine was found to be 0. 276g in weight. The percent recovery and percent caffeine can now be computed through: % recovery = [pic] % caffeine = [pic] % recovery = [pic]% caffeine = [pic] % recovery =46. 06%% caffeine = 3. 96% To characterize the sample, determination of the melting point was used. Table 2 summarizes the results of melting point determination of the sample and standard caffeine subjected to an oil bath consisting of cooking oil at 150 degrees celsius. Table2. Melting Point Determination |Melting Points (? C) | |Sample caffeine |Standard caffeine | | | | |T1 | |190 degrees |225 degrees | | | | |T2 | |215 degrees |228 degrees | | | | |190-215 degrees |225-228 degrees | The accepted value for the melting point of caffeine is 238? C [4]. The experimentally determined temperature for the sample caffeine was very low in comparison to the standard and the accepted value. The standard caffeine had close values and a smaller melting point range. Errors could lie in between the melting process, as the standard underwent some thermal decomposition evident in the slight change in the color of the sample while melting. The temperature obtained explicitly shows the presence of impurities on the sample caffeine, as the presence of non-volatile solutes owers the temperature and increases the melting point range of a sample. Imprecise reading and observations could have been one of the reasons for the slightly lower melting point temperature readings for the standard caffeine. Experimental For the extraction of caffeine, commercialized tea bags (3) were used as a source of tea leaves. Tea leaves were removed from the bags and were weighed. After weighing the tealeaves, solid-liquid extraction was done using 100-mL water and was allowed to boil for 5 minutes. The sides of the flask were then cooled in a running tap water for 2 minutes. An ice cube was mixed in the tea extract to facilitate cooling to room temperature. The tea extract was transferred in a separatory funnel containing 20-mL of dichloromethane to facilitate liquid-liquid extraction of caffeine. The CH2Cl2 was found to be in the lower layer and was drained into a clean flask. The remaining solution in the separatory funnel was again treated with 20-mL CH2Cl2 twice to further extract the remaining caffeine. All CH2Cl2 fractions were combined. All of the CH2Cl2 was returned to the separatory funnel and that was washed with 20-mL 6M NaOH solution. After washing, The CH2Cl2 layer was drained into a flask through a funnel with a fluted filter paper containing half spatula of anhydrous sodium sulphate to remove the remaining water content. The CH2Cl2 was subjected in a water bath to further concentrate the extract. The crude caffeine was weighed and the numerical value was recorded. For the purification process, the crude caffeine was transferred into a filter tube with a fitted inner test tube which served as the ‘cold finger’ and was placed in a hot air bath. The crude caffeine was allowed to sublime to gather crystalline caffeine at the bottom of cold finger tube. The cold finger was constantly refilled with ice water to facilitate sublimation. The crystalline caffeine was scraped off the cold finger tube and was placed into a vial. For the characterization of crystalline caffeine, the caffeine crystals were grinded into a very fine powder. A micro capillary tube was sealed at one end which acted as a micro test tube. The open end of the micro test tube was dipped into the vial containing pulverized caffeine crystal and was dropped inside a long glass tube until the sample reached a height of 0. 5-1cm. The same procedure was done on the standard caffeine sample. For the melting point determination, the two samples were secured in both sides of a thermometer. The thermometer was dipped into a beaker containing cooking oil heated at 150 degrees (oil bath). The temperature range between the first appearance of liquid within the sample until the disappearance of the last traces of solid was recorded. Conclusion The extraction of caffeine is a critical experiment, as it uses different chemistry principles such as solubility rules and a substance’s physical properties. The percent yield of 3. 96% is a reasonable finding since green teas are found to contain only 3-5% of its dry weight. Impurities which caused the melting point lowering of the sample could have resulted from experimental errors and could have occurred during the extraction and washing processes. In addition to experimental errors, the presence of soluble tannins in tea leaves complicates the isolation of caffeine, this could have been fixed in the solid-liquid extraction state through the addition of CaCO3 to separate tannins and keep them suspended in the water. References [1]Alan M Iris M (2004). The Empire of Tea. The overlook press. ISBN 1 – 58567 – 493- 1, p. 32. [2] Miura, T. , Koike, T. , Ishida, T. (2005). Antidiabetic activity of green tea (Theasinensis L. ) in genetically type 2 diabetic mice. Journal of Health Science, 51(6), 708-710. [3]Yeragani, V. K. , et al. (2009). Caffeine and Cardiovascular Health:What Do We Know? Caffeine and Health Research. New York, NY: Nova Science. [4]Lide, D. , ed. (2007) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,Internet Version 2007, (87th Edition), , Taylor and Francis, BocaRaton, FL: CRC press LLC. [5]Spiller, G. (1998). Caffeine. Boca Raton. FL: CRC press LLC.

Research Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Design Paper - Essay Example The tangible evidences would incorporate the factual results obtained. The findings would be pertaining to situations such as the suicide terrorism cases after a specific duration. The research plan intends to show respect to all suggestions of the theories and through the appreciation of all arguments by the researches, no theory will manifest superiority aspect over the other. The dependent variables of the theories include the specific theoretical aspects that rely on other factors for existence and understanding. The independent variables outstand in every perspective and duration. The independent variables possess the potentiality of manifesting logics on their own means. The regime theory emanates within the international dealings drawn from the liberal customs stipulating that the international institutions or administration affect the behavior of states. The theory presumes that cooperation can result in the anarchic situations of countries since the regimes depict the intern ational circumstances of cooperation amongst the nations. The observable implication of the regime theory states that a state exists in its current position because of the policies employed. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism highlights on some of the vital aspects on the suicide terrorism. ... According to Pape who contributed mainly on the idea, Islamic community is not the cradle of the act but they might have borrowed the tradition from other communities. The evaluation of the suicide terrorism incorporated a comprehensive research that targeted all phases of existence such as the psychological, scientific and the social attributes. The final portion of the expected investigation incorporates the defense and the safety impasse. The phenomenon poses that both aspects of the country’s superiority in security and weaknesses in maintaining its safety can aggravate other nations. The research on defense and the security dilemma requires a distinct consideration and a comprehensive employment of critical insight in all perspectives. There should be a consideration regarding the main reasons that might trigger one nation against the other to criticize its security. There should be no perceptions and prior notions guiding the research because the basic purpose is to atta in the logics behind the act. The notions and cultures of dissimilar nations would be of the essence to research on because the compromises of every country’s security accompany intentions. There are nations that would target their interests through other countries. There should be a vivid understanding in the fact that every war or attach that may lead to alteration of countries’ thoughts and relations possess a purpose. There is a essence in the evaluation of different states’ desires since it can result into the actual plans and the intentions of a particular state to indulge into a compromising act. The inquiry on different states preferences would spell out their priorities because the priorities are dissimilar amidst countries. The different countries’ securities may be

CIS 312 7,8,9 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS 312 7,8,9 questions - Assignment Example For systems administrators, the PsList tool is a useful tool for enabling greater control over both local and remote systems, a key function in system administration. A. Two methods for troubleshooting BSOD errors in Windows 8 are i. using safe mode, and ii, using Windows Boot Genius, a robust screen repair program. The Windows repair program is more useful to system administrators because it has over 20 OS repair tools that can help fix almost all boot issues including BSOD. Windows 9 xs/Me Resource Meter can also help in determining whether computer has sufficient FSRs (Soper, 2004). B. The two primary methods of BSOD troubleshooting in Windows 8 include the BSOD screen repair program and the utilization of safe mode repair. The former method is more suitable for systems administrator because it enables repair of virtually all boot issues in Windows 8. A. Networking components considered in home office to maximize functionality are the structure of management information (SMI), Management information base (MIB), and SNMP agents. SMI would help in defining data types allowed in MIB while the IB would help in holding value for managed objects based on packets that arrive from previous system reset. Lastly, SNMP agents components would help in executing all relevant MIB objects B. The best networking components for maximizing functionality are SNMP components: SMI, which describes MIB data types, MIB that stores clock ticks since system resetting, and SNMP agent component, which define information contained in MIB to help in the management of used applications. A. Various vendor support sites help in troubleshooting home internet connections. The most useful sites include the Network Diagnostic tool, Microsoft Automated Troubleshooting Services tools, as well as manual troubleshooting via http://www.microsoft.com, http://www.msn.com, http://support.microsoft.com/gp/vendors/en-us, and

The Comparison of Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy in Brazil Essay

The Comparison of Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy in Brazil (1964) and Argentina (1976) - Essay Example The transition to democracy in Brazil was viewed as a form of liberalization as it was preoccupied with the process of legitimacy. The process of democracy was able to achieve various goals within the civil society. These achievements were later referred to as Brazilian miracle with the attainment of sustained economic growth and development (Stepan, 36) Unlike the Brazilian military era, the Argentine military era did not last for a long period as it collapsed as a result of various forms of divisions and incompetence. In this case the promise of liberation by the military regime failed to take off or deliver any tangible results. Major divisions were experienced in its ranks due to a weak power confidence leading to its down fall. The unity of the military was also in question and therefore was considered as a contributing factor to this failure in terms of transition from dictatorship to democratic type of governance (Pion-Berlin,

The Woman In Black Theatre Essay

The Woman In Black Theatre Essay The Woman In Black belongs to the gothic genre. The genre was created by Horace Walpole, He wrote The Castle of Otranto which was the very first gothic novel which was written in 1764. The Gothic genre normally includes Isolated Places, such as the house Arthur stays in, Supernatural creatures, Such as the ghost Woman in Black, Damsels in Distress such as Arthur at the end of the play when he has had enough of the haunting. The woman in black is a terrifying gothic play. Stephen Mallatratt, the playwright achieves this by writing an effective mise-en-scene including setting, lighting, props, sound, the text, and stage directions for actors. These all merge together and create a nerve shredding experience. A technique that Stephen Mallatratt uses to create a scary experience is lighting. For example, when the sound of the pony and trap was playing there was a black out. The black out made it daunting because no body knew what was happening and this created a lot of anxiety. The noise was very loud and it was threatening, the audience didnt know what to do because you couldnt see anything so you were put through the torment of being in the pitch black listening to a child cry. Another time when lighting was used to create a terrifying effect is when Jerome and Arthur were in the church at the funeral of Ms Drablow. The lighting was used to present a cross and a stained glass window. This was very Gothic, and creates an edgy atmosphere because the audience didnt know if something was going to pop out, the only light was from the cross and window, which is very creepy. The lighting is also used in a clever way. When the lights hit the curtain it exposed a whole Childs playroom. Its bloodcurdling to watch because until the lights where used, the audience couldnt see the other room. The audience dont know how it got there and what was going to happen. Another technique used is Sound. Sound is used throughout the play, and its a major part in creating a nerve shredding experience. The sound is used for ghostly encounters or the curse of the child screaming when hes drowning. Stephen Mallatratt also uses volume to make the sound scarier. When the child is drowning it starts off reasonably quiet and then it gets deafening, giving the effect the pony and trap is getting nearer, and then suddenly the child starts screaming. It makes other people scream because theres a black out and a loud cry. The use of sound and lighting combined makes the play truly chilling to watch and hear. Sound contributed to the gothic atmosphere because a lot of the time the noise was sudden. The audience do not expect to hear children cry or other spooky noises so its very scary to hear. Sound is used to create suspense by making the noises start at a quite level but then reaching a louder more nerve shattering sound, this happens when the pony and trap are moving, this also could represent distance, the further away the quieter the noise, the closer it is the louder the noise. Stephen Mallatratt uses only 3 actors, the actor, Kips and the Woman in Black. I think Stephen Mallatratt uses only these 3 people because using more actors could take the tension they have already built up away. For example, when spider runs off and gets stuck in the mud and the actor goes to pull him out. During this the real Arthur Kipps is standing on stage explaining whats happening while the actor is showing the actions. At the moment were the tension breaks, the real Arthur Kipps, changes from narrating to acting as Keckwick. In my opinion, if there was a change of actor the whole scene and all the tension they had created would be lost. The way they do this is nerve shredding because its so weird how the actors can just change the characters in short amount of time. Stephen Mallatratt gets the actors to use different tones of voice, facial expression, coats, habits and many more to portray change of character. An example of when he portrays this is in the first scene when Arthur Kipps is acting as Tomes. Tomes has a sniff so when Arthur Kipps is acting as him he makes sure the sniff occurred every twenty seconds. This made the audience know that he was acting as a different character. This is effective because we know that its the same person but its intresting to see the ability of the actor when he/she changes there facial expressions, voices and other factors. Overall I think Stephen Mallatratt did a good job at terrifying everyone within the theatre, the parts when everyone screamed where mainly because of the lighting and the sound. If there werent these two factors I doubt the play would have been as effective as it was. I personally enjoyed the play and how it affected me, I wasnt expecting to be scared but I was which proves how the light and sound is effective.

Los Clorofluorocarbonados (CFCs) :: Ensayos Reportes Escolares

Los Clorofluorocarbonados (CFCs) Los Clorofluorocarbonados (CFC) y sus derivados tienen como fuentes principales algunos productos industriales, y los à ³xidos de nitrà ³geno, que se producen por multitud de causas, principalmente por la quema de combustibles fà ³siles y la utilizacià ³n de fertilizantes quà ­micos. La produccià ³n de cloro-fluoro-carbonos [CFCs] contribuye con aproximadamente el 14% del efecto invernadero. Los CFCs son sustancias quà ­micas sintà ©ticas, formadas por cloro, flà ºor y carbono. Las molà ©culas de CFC tienen una larga vida activa. El CFC-1 1 es activo durante unos 65 aà ±os y el CFC-12 durante unos 110 arios. Cada molà ©cula de CFC-11 y de CFC-12 contribuye 3.500 y 7.300 veces mà ¡s, respectivamente, al efecto invernadero que cada molà ©cula de C02. Los CFCs tambià ©n destruyen la capa de ozono en la estratosfera, causando que una mayor proporcià ³n de rayos ultravioleta alcance la superficie de la tierra. Una mayor incidencia de rayos ultravioleta tendrà ­a importantes efectos tanto en la agricultura como en la salud humana. E1 cà ¡ncer en la piel, los problemas oculares, y las afecciones al sistema inmunolà ³gico, son las amenazas mà ¡s inminentes sobre la salud de la poblacià ³n humana. Podrà ­an tambià ©n presentarse efectos adversos sobre las algas y el plancton, bases de la cadena alimentaria en el mar CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA > Eliminacià ³n de los CFC de los inhaladores - dosificadores 1) OBJETIVO Elaborar una estrategia comunitaria para la eliminacià ³n de los clorofluorocarbonos (CFC) de los inhaladores - dosificadores. 2) MEDIDA DE LA COMUNIDAD Comunicacià ³n de la Comisià ³n al Parlamento Europeo y al Consejo de 23 de octubre de 1998: Eliminacià ³n progresiva de los CFC de los inhaladores - dosificadores. 3) CONTENIDO Los CFC forman parte de las sustancias que debilitan la capa de ozono y cuya produccià ³n y consumo se prohibieron en la Comunidad en 1995. No obstante, siguen utilizà ¡ndose en los inhaladores - dosificadores destinados al tratamiento del asma y de las bronconeumopatà ­as crà ³nicas obstructivas (BPCO) en virtud de las excepciones previstas en el Protocolo de Montreal y en el Reglamento (CE) n º 3093/94 para sus usos esenciales. En la decisià ³n IX/19 del Protocolo de Montreal, la Comunidad Europea y las demà ¡s Partes del Protocolo acordaron presentar, antes del 31 de enero de 1999, una estrategia de transicià ³n para la eliminacià ³n de los CFC de los inhaladores - dosificadores. La Comisià ³n cumple con tal compromiso mediante la adopcià ³n de esta Comunicacià ³n, que recomienda medidas que deberà ­an adoptar los Estados miembros para facilitar la transicià ³n hacia tratamientos del asma sin CFC preservando la salud y la seguridad de los pacientes.

Children and young people’s development Essay

Learning outcome 2: Understand the kinds of influences that effect children and young people’s development. We can all be influenced by different things through life, a child’s emotional, physical, social, intellectual development can be affected by different influences, bullying, death, divorce and many more. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 1.2 There are many different examples of how different aspects of development can have an affect on one another, here are a few examples. If a child speaks a foreign language as their first and they and their family have just moved to this country to live, this may lead to them having a language barrier, the child may be very shy, find it very hard to communicate with others and isolate themselves and finding it difficult to make friends. All of these can affect the child emotionally, socially, possibly creating behavioural problems and lowering their self-esteem, all having an effect on their development. A child who finds it difficult to interact with other children due to reasons such as bullying, may find it difficult to express how they feel, and unable to tell anyone what is happening to them. This can affect the child, emotionally they may become very upset easily or even aggressive at times, they may be affected socially, thinking that all children are going to bully them and so isolating themselves from others, and losing confidence. These may all affect their ability to concentrate in the classroom and may in turn start affecting their levels. A child who may have a disability may find that not being able to participate with certain lessons for example PE, may leave them feeling that they are being isolated and that they are different to the others, this may affect their social, behavioural and emotional development. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 2.1 Children and young people can be affected by different kinds of influences and these can have an effect on their development. Background We all come from different backgrounds whether it be ethnic, cultural, our  environment or just circumstances. It may be that the child speaks a foreign language and is finding it difficult to communicate with others. A child may have different cultural needs to those children within the school environment. The child may come from a deprived home where there is little money and the child is not getting sufficient nutrients to sustain them during a school day. Causing lack of concentration. Also the child’s parents may be going through a divorce or separation, this can be very traumatic for a child. All of these can have an effect on the development of a child, and their ability to learn. Health Development can be affected if the child suffers with poor health or a physical disability. Low income and not being able to afford the right foods and nutrients will have an effect, physically and intellectually the child may be affected. A child with a physical disability may be emotionally and socially effected because of not being able to participate. It’s important that they are supported and included as much as possible. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 2.2 Recognising and responding to children’s and young people’s development is important, it ensures the child or young person receives the right help and support. As soon as it is recognised that a child has a problem then the right action can be taken to ensure the child gets any help or support with their learning and they can also be monitored. If a child was ignored or the problem was not detected then their development may suffer, causing them to fall behind, or not reach their goals. You may have started to notice that a particular child is quieter than normal and isn’t their normal happy self, this could be a cause of concern, you may feel that you are able to ask the child if there is anything bothering them. They may respond by telling you that their mum and dad are not getting along and dad has left the home. This may affect the emotional behaviour of the child as well as their social as they feel they can’t talk to any of their friends about it. You may feel it’s necessary to speak to their teacher, but it’s important that this is kept as confidential. It would then be necessary to monitor the child’s development and behaviour. Being able to recognise and see a concern with a child can make all the difference to their development in the future. Being able to listen, understand and help is an important role to play as a TA.

A Jobless Recovery essays

A Jobless Recovery essays In present day America we live in comfort and trust in our nations government to do the right thing for us Americans. Sometimes those decisions must endure hardships to get through to the gold at the end of the rainbow. Since decisions made in office take a long time to come into effect, it is hard to pinpoint problems and where to deal with them when talking about income and jobs. Since the recession of 2000 the distribution of income has become quite uneven. This due to an ever increasing unemployment rate. Well as Americans we would demand something be done top help this. However it is not the sole purpose of the American Government to make sure that every person is employed. Jared Bernstein stated in his article The Jobless Recovery, that a stimulus is needed to correct these problems. Well the stimulus he is looking for cant come from some economic program or grant, but only from the people themselves. In America today the root of most of these problems lies within the people and their unwillingness to follow laws. A lot of government resources are being dished out to immigrant children whos mothers crossed over the border, birthed their children and bounced. Money that could be going to something usefull is being wasted. Another example of wasted Government expenditure is the welfare system. Unfortunately the system that was set up to help those who could not provide for themselves ad their families is now being used and abused. People know how to beat the system and find every loop hole known to man to squeeze every bit of money out of the Government as possible. Why is there a huge loss of jobs and large unemployment? Thank you for asking. It all comes down to the laziness of the American people. Most Americans who are physically able to work just milk off government disability programs and choose not to get a job. These programs pay a pretty penny for those who know how to...

Essay on White Fang

Essay on White Fang Essay on White Fang This is a free sample essay on White Fang: The portrayal of the child figure is represented in the three novels Black Beauty, The Jungle Books, and White Fang. The use of this motif allows the audience to view the transformation of â€Å"children† into mature beings. In these novels, we watch Black Beauty, Mowglii, and White Fang grow from unshaped, unknowing beings primarily through the guidance of character who are not even their real parents but serve as mother figures. These characters (Beauty, Mowglii, and White Fang) learn the â€Å"rules† of their environment from many different characters and sources throughout the novel. These experiences (both positive and negative) in which they utilize what they know and grow from their mistakes (or misfortunes) are what helps in the rearing and guidance of the child figures on their path of learning. In all three novels, the reader is introduced to the child figures (Black Beauty, Mowglii, and White Fang) really at the beginning of their life. The only possible exception here is that you don’t know initially where Mowglii came from but this introduction is at the beginning of his life in the jungle. This portrayal of the child allows that reader to see them as the naÐ ¿ve clean slates they are, waiting for guidance and education. In Black Beauty, Beauty is portrayed from birth as a valuable addition to the farm and is named for his striking appearance. This ideal impression of the child figure conveys to the reader that although things are good now for this little colt, he will inevitably face hardships during his transformation that will shape him into a truly valuable being. In The Jungle Books, Mowglii is initially portrayed as a happy-go-lucky man cub who isn’t intimidated the least by his new surroundings. This confidence and fearlessness sets the scene for th e leader that Mowglii will become at the end of his transformation into adulthood. After being accepted into the wolf pack, he is nicknamed â€Å"frog†. This title is representative of the changes he will undergo throughout his adventures. It clearly indicates that Mowglii will become a new being. In the novel White Fang, White Fang is introduced almost immediately as the strongest of the litter. This child figure representation is yet again one that predicts the future of the being. This portrayal of White Fang as strong, aggressive and independent carries through to his adulthood as he gains the reputation for being one of the most savage dogs of the North. The difference here between The Jungle Books and White Fang is the initial portray of white Fang is not reflective of the mature caring dog he becomes. It is interesting to note here that although it seemed White Fang’s fate to become a savage wild beast, he in the end becomes a domesticated house pet with the proper compassion and guidance from his determined master, Weedon Scott. In these three novels, each of the characters portraying the child figure is educated about the ways of their world not only verbally, but also by their life experiences (or predicaments). In Black Beauty, Beauty really doesn’t face much of the conflict or harsh realities of the world outside his rosy picture. His seems to represent a protected child initially. He notices how his barn mate, Ginger, misbehaves and wonders how she could that way with such a giving and caring master. He is at the immature point in his life where he doesn’t realize that there is life outside of his own homestead. Even when Ginger tells Beauty of some of her life experiences and how they have shaped the â€Å"person† that she is today, Beauty can only sympathize. He cannot be fully affected by these realities until he, himself is exposed to them. Although he has had second hand exposure from Gingers tales, he cannot learn the lessons and change as a being unless he experiences life fo r himself. In The Jungle Books, Mowglii is protected by Bagheera, the black panther, and is taught the laws of the jungle by Baloo, the brown bear. Although it seems Mowglii is equipped with what he needs to make it in his new world, he faces many dangers of which only he can attempt to avoid. Mowglii has been provided the information of right and wring in the jungle, now it is up for this child to use his smarts to survive. After all, he is sought after by the jungle bully, Shere Khan, who wants Mowglii dead if for no other reason but to regain some of his own pride. The audience sees Mowglii’s transformation as a naÐ ¿ve child to an aggressive member of his society to a compassionate leader of his own people. This only occurs after the child figure obeys the laws of the jungle and utilizes what he has learned. In White Fang, the transformation of the child figure from a savage wolf to a civilized dog is remarkable. White Fang was reared to fend for himself. Although he also had this innate sense as he is three-quarters wolf, he was surrounded by experiences (whether it was famine or brutal fights) that taught him that it was the way of the wild to â€Å"eat or be eaten†. It seemed throughout most of this novel this â€Å"wild child† had no chance of ever being tamed. Ironically, it is the harsh environments that White Fang is exposed to (by the way of Gray Beaver and Beauty Smith), that help him in his transformation from the aggressive wolf to the house pet. Through the harsh guidance of Gray Beaver, White Fang learns obedience, work ethic and loyalty to his master, traits he would have never acquired if he had just lived in the wild. It is arguable, however, that White Fang didn’t necessarily need to be subjected to such harsh treatments become the Beloved Wolf. On t he other hand, these experiences allowed him to appreciate the care he received from his most humane master, Weedon Scott. It is after all, through the patience, understanding, and dedication of Scott that White Fang evolves from a savage wild child into a domestic family dog. Children are a product of their environment. This explanation is used even today to describe why people behave the way that they do. This idea is present in the novels discussed previously as well as in other works of 19th century children’s literature. You see in â€Å"The Little Match Girl† from Andersen’s Fairy Tales, how the poor pathetic child is reduced to keeping herself warm by lighting the matches that she is supposed to be selling. This account is a direct reflection of the pathetic world she was raised in. This exploitation of the child results in her untimely death. In The Waterbabies, it is how this idea is portrayed. Initially, Tom wants to be just like his miserable master, as that is all that he knows. Through his transformation under water, be becomes a product of a better environment. Also in Wilde’s â€Å"The Ugly Duckling†, the duckling feels ugly and doesn’t fit in because of the environment around him. Although he is jus t different than the others, he is led to believe that he is a horrific creature. He truly believes that he is a monstrosity of a sight and this is only because of the influences in his immediate environment. It isn’t until he steps out of his negative surroundings that he finally realizes what he truly is. In the three novels, Black Beauty, The Jungle Books, and White Fang, the child figures portrayed are inevitably products of their environment. You can watch each character grow and change with each new experience and set of surroundings. You can see how just the slightest actions or just a few words shape the adult beings that each character becomes. What a better world we would live in if everyone realized that the actions and voices can forever change the life of another being, whether it be human or animal. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on White Fang from our professional essay writing service.

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